荧光分光光度桑色素法测定微量镓

本法为桑色素──甲醇体系测定微量镓，在ＥＸ４１４ｎｍ、ＥＭ４９３ｎｍ处，有最大激发与发射峰，适宜酸度为ｐＨ３．０～５．０，在０～２．ｓμｇＧａ（Ⅲ）／２５ｍｌ范围内具有线性关系。本法灵敏度高，选择性好。方法的准确度、精密度均能满足天然水样中微量镓的测定的要求。     

Effects of fulvic substances on the distribution and migration of Hg in landfill leachate

Mercury (Hg) distribution and migration in different landfill stabilization processes were evaluated in this study. Wide ranges of Hg concentrations were observed because of the heterogeneity and variability of landfill refuse. In addition, temporally variable conditions, including pH, organic matter, and vegetation cover, which influence Hg migration in landfills, may also affect the temporal distribution of Hg in landfill refuse. The main fraction of Hg, elemental Hg, decreased with time, while the stable fractions of Hg increased. The fulvic acid (FA) extracted from the landfill leachate had much lower overall Hg-complexation stability constants, which suggests that organic S groups might have been rapidly saturated by small amounts of Hg while leaving oxygen functional groups, such as carboxylic functional or phenolic groups, acting as the primary binding sites for Hg.     

盐沉积方式对TC11钛合金热盐腐蚀行为的影响

目的 对比研究人工涂盐方法和盐雾试验方法沉积盐膜对TC11钛合金热腐蚀行为的影响规律。方法 对人工涂盐和盐雾试验沉积盐膜的TC11钛合金试样500℃高温热盐腐蚀形貌、腐蚀动力学和腐蚀机理进行对比分析。结果 2种不同盐膜沉积方式的TC11钛合金试样表面盐分的分布形态存在明显的区别,盐雾腐蚀试样表面的盐分存在局部聚集现象,人工涂盐试样盐分分布较为均匀。2种方式沉积盐分试样热盐腐蚀试验后,从腐蚀较严重面积S大小角度对比,人工涂盐试样>盐雾试验试样;从局部腐蚀最大深度D看,盐雾试验试样盐分集中区域>人工涂盐试样>盐雾试验试样盐分较少区域。腐蚀动力学均遵从抛物线规律,盐雾试验试样和人工涂盐试样的热盐腐蚀抛物线速率常数分别比未沉积盐试样氧化抛物线速率常数提高了26倍和63倍。2类盐沉积试样的热盐腐蚀机理相同,失效模式相近。结论 人工涂盐方法可以代替盐雾试验进行钛合金热盐腐蚀实验室加速试验,但需要注意腐蚀形态特征上存在一定的差异性。     

钢铁企业氮氧化物减排途径和措施研究

随着氮氧化物(NOx)排放量的逐年递增,我国酸性降水已由硫酸型向硫酸和硝酸复合型转变。本文根据钢铁企业生产工艺的特点,在分析钢铁企业NOx产生环节的基础上,有针对性地研究了消减NOx排放总量的途径和措施,并针对目前钢铁行业脱硝措施尚不完备,指出现阶段钢铁企业NOx减排不宜追求过高的脱硝效率,应将减排的重点放在落实脱硝政策、鼓励低氮燃烧和脱硫脱氮一体化技术的研发等方面,并进一步严格控制NOx的排放。     

Stepwise superposition approximation approach for analytical solutions with non-zero initial concentration using existing solutions of zero initial concentration in contaminate transport

Analytical solutions for contaminant transport are widely used for both theoretical and practical purposes. However, many existing solutions are obtained subject to an initial condition of zero concentration, which is often unrealistic in many practical cases. This article proposed a stepwise superposition approximation approach to solve the non-zero initial concentration problem for first-type and third-type boundary conditions by using the existing zero initial concentration solution. Theoretical examples showed that the approach was highly efficient if a proper superposition scheme with relative concentration increments was constructed. The key parameter that controlled the convergence speed was the time increment (Δt) multiplied by the rate constant ( ). The approach served also as an alternative way to make a convenient concentration calculation even if the non-zero initial concentration solution of a problem was known.     

西宁市PM2.5水溶性无机离子特征及其来源解析

为探讨西宁市PM_2.5水溶性无机离子的特征及其来源,于2017年1月-2018年4月在西宁市开展PM_2.5样品采集工作,使用离子色谱仪分析水溶性无机离子.结果表明:西宁市大气中ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为（42.7±36.6）μg/m3,4个采样点ρ（PM_2.5）大小顺序依次为市区（54.9 μg/m3）>工业区（44.1 μg/m3）>郊区（40.8 μg/m3）>农村（28.3 μg/m3）;ρ（PM_2.5）季节性分布特征明显,呈冬季最高、夏季最低的特征.SNA（为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的统称）是最主要的水溶性离子,占总水溶性离子的66.3%,SNA季节性分布特征为冬季最高、夏季最低.4个采样点SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）平均值均大于0.10,说明SO₄2-和NO₃-主要来源于二次转化.采样期间PM_2.5中ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）为0.72,表明燃煤源排放大于交通源排放.主成分分析显示,西宁市PM_2.5水溶性离子来源主要为二次粒子源、工业源、扬尘源和燃烧源.研究显示,西宁市城区、工业区、郊区大气中ρ（PM_2.5）平均值均超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》一级标准限值,建议减少PM_2.5的产生应以控制二次粒子源、工业源、燃烧源和扬尘源为主.      

新型玄武岩纤维生物载体与水处理应用研究现状及展望

玄武岩纤维(BF)是绿色高性能的微米级无机纤维,作为新型微生物载体有良好的生物相容性和水质净化效果,在水处理领域倍受关注。调研了BF的材料特性及其在生物反应器中形成的微生物聚集体(生物巢)性质。为进一步提升BF载体的水处理效能,今后研究重点在于改善BF亲水性、表面弱正电性、粗糙度等,提高BF生物亲和性与水中分散性;综述了BF表面改性研究进展;总结并展望了BF载体在处理工业废水、生活污水与水体修复等领域的应用。     

Treatment of coke plant wastewater by SND fixed biofilm hybrid system

In this article, coke plant wastewater was treated by a simultaneous nitrifying and denitrifying （SND） fixed biofilm hybrid system. The results showed that suitable parameters of the system were important for the performance of the bio-degradation system. The chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency in this system was satisfactory, higher than 94%, and ammonia nitrogen was higher than 95%. The effluent COD concentration could meet the discharge standard, except for very few situations. The results showed that a sufficient carbon source was important for making ammonia nitrogen concentration meet the discharge standard. Then the TiN removal efficiency in this system can be brought higher than 94%. Dissolved oxygen （DO） is very important to the performance of the SND bio-degradation system, and the suitable DO is about 3.5-4.0 mg/L at the forepart of reactor. In addition, the performance of the system was almost not affected by pH value. The results show that the system is feasible to treat coke plant wastewater.     

联合国可持续发展目标12.7.1指标方法学解析

联合国环境规划署近期发布了《可持续发展目标12.7.1指标:可持续公共采购指数方法学》,用以指导各国测量可持续公共采购政策和行动计划的进展和水平。本文介绍了该方法学的产生背景、术语、采购指数构成及相关细则,分析了该方法学的主要特点,并从完善制度保障、技术体系、绩效评价方面提出了对我国深化政府绿色采购实施的启示。     

基于可变模糊数学模型的大河口水库富营养化评价

为科学客观准确地评价大河口水库水体富营养化程度,于2014年1月至2015年11月对大河口水库布设的18个水质监测点位进行了23个月的水质分析检测工作,并选取COD、Chl-a、TP、TN共4项水质指标,运用模糊可变集理论和方法,构建了用于水体富营养化评价的模糊可变模型,结合等权法、熵值法和单纯阈值法3种主客观赋权法,对大河口水库进行富营养化评价。结果表明:可变模糊数学评价模型应用于水库水体富营养化评价具有合理性和客观性,3种权重下取得评价结果一致,大河口水库各监测点水质呈现富营养化状态,B_1、B_2和L监测点水质属于重富营养化状态。