基于观测数据的石家庄交通干线附近臭氧光化学敏感性分析

为确定石家庄东部郊区交通干线附近O₃生成光化学敏感性,利用2019年1月1日—2020年10月31日在线观测的NO_x、NO_y和O₃等数据计算并分析了O₃生成效率(OPE)及O₃光化学敏感性的NO_x临界浓度.结果表明:1交通干线附近O₃光化学敏感性存在季节差异,春季主要受VOCs控制,整体OPE为2.6±0.3,夏、秋季节主要受NO_x与VOCs协同控制,整体OPE分别为5.3±0.4和5.1±0.8;2NO_x体积分数>11×10^-9时,O₃生成主要为VOCs控制;NO_x体积分数介于6×10^-9~11×10^-9时,O₃生成主要受VOCs与NO_x协同控制;NO_x体积分数<6×10^-9时,O₃生成主要为NO_x控制;3O₃生成敏感性存在日变化特征,10:00之前O₃生成主要受VOCs控制,10:00—11:00是O₃生成由VOCs控制转变为VOCs和NO_x协同控制的过渡时段,12:00之后O₃生成主要由VOCs和NO_x协同控制,且午后14:00—16:00之间NO_x对O₃控制比例凸显.因此,石家庄O₃治理不但要重视NO_x与VOCs排放源的协同管控,尤其午后还需要对NO_x排放源进行分时段精细化管控.     

道路交通的生态影响研究综述

道路网络广泛分布于各种景观中,其在增进社会财富、方便人们生活的同时,也会产生不同方面和程度的生态学影响:在区域尺度上,道路网络对不同生态系统的景观格局形成明显的切割作用,破坏了生态系统的完整性和连通性;道路建设导致物种生境丧失和柄息地破碎,并引起生境中诸如水、土壤、大气、光照、噪音等理化环境变化;道路交通增加动植物死亡率,导致种群数量下降,并阻碍动物个体在同种种群间的交流以及在互补性资源问的周期性迁移;提供一些物种道路边缘柄息生境,并沿道路边缘扩散,造成生物入侵.道路生态影响研究已成为生态学和道路建设与管理一个重要交叉研究领域.     

Recovery and reuse of floc sludge for high-performance capacitors

• The feasibility of facile fabrication of capacitor from floc sludge is discussed. • The porous carbon composites are obtained by acidification and KOH activation. • The as-prepared 3D structure has large surface area and optimal pore size. • Admirable specific capacitance and outstanding cycling stability are obtained. In this paper, floc sludge was transformed into porous carbon matrix composites by acidification and KOH activation at high temperature and used as an electrode material for application in capacitors. The effects of different treatment processes on the electrochemical properties of sludge materials were compared. The results of electrochemical tests showed that the sludge electrode exhibited excellent energy storage performance after HNO₃ acidification and KOH activation with a mass ratio of 3:1 (KOH/C). The specific capacitance of the sludge electrode reached 287 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition, the sludge electrode material showed excellent cycle stability (specific capacity retained at 93.4% after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g). Based on XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and BET surface analysis, the morphology of sludge electrode materials can be effectively regulated by chemical pretreatment. The best-performing material showed a 3D porous morphology with a large specific surface area (2588 m²/g) and optimal pore size distribution, improving ion channels and charge conductivity. According to the life cycle assessment of floc sludge utilization, it reduced the resource consumption and toxicity risk by more than 90% compared with ordinary sludge disposal processes. This work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly sludge reuse method and demonstrated the application potential of sludge-based materials in high-performance supercapacitors.     

太湖东岸饮用水主要异味物质年变化规律及来源分析

于2015年对苏州市太湖东岸饮用水主要异味物质进行了调查。结果表明,主要异味物质为土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮等,检出率分别50.0%,66.7%,70.8%和66.7%,其中2-甲基异莰醇年均值是其嗅觉阈值的2.31倍,其他异味物质年均值未超过其阈值,水体主要表现为土霉味。异味问题爆发时间为夏季(5—9月),土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮检出最高值分别为13.8,170,170和29.6 ng/L。分析了异味物质与环境因子的相关性,初步推断太湖主要异味物质为水中蓝藻的某些种类所致。     

北方寒区水库氮、磷营养盐的时空变异特征

为揭示北方寒区水库氮、磷营养盐浓度时空分布特征和变化规律,有代表性地选择了锡林郭勒盟多伦县大河口水库18个水质监测点进行采样检测,并以2014年5,7,10,12月水库各采样点水质参数指标为基础,应用ArcGIS9.2统计模块分析不同期水库氮、磷营养盐浓度的时空变异性。结果表明:大河口水库NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP等主要营养盐因子既有明显的季节变化特征,也存在显著的空间分布差异。水库TN、TP浓度由高到低呈现出秋、夏、春、冬季节性变异特征,且冬季与春、夏、秋3季差异显著;秋、冬季NH_4~+-N浓度明显高于春、夏季;夏季NO_3~--N浓度明显高于其他季节。在空间分布上,水库NH_4~+-N、NO_3~-N、TN、TP浓度分布呈现春季由库中心水域向周边逐渐降低,其他季节由滦河、吐力根河入库水域向出口处逐渐降低的显著空间变异特征。大河口水库氮、磷营养盐浓度时空变异特征受季节、水动力学特征、冰封和冻融等自然因素和人类生产、生活排污的人为影响均较为显著。     

Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions

Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.     

离子色谱法测定水体中七种阴离子

本文叙述了使用国产ZIC—Ⅰ型离子色谱仪对水中七种阴离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_2~-、PO_4~(3-)、Br~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))的测定条件,测定了方法的性能、精密度和准确度,加标百分回收率为94％—108％。     

核安保相关理论研究与实践探索

为进一步完善国家核材料监管体系，夯实中国核安保事业发展基础，同时，也为国际社会防范核恐怖主义和“一带一路”中核能领域国际合作提供有效的中国核安保方案，开展核安保相关理论的研究和实践探索。通过分析核安保本质目标和核心关注点，提出建立国家层面和核设施层面的核安保防线的架构，并具体说明架构内容。结果表明：国家核安保工作应该确保国家监管范围内的核材料在其全生命周期内均处于受控和受保护的条件下。国家层面的核安保工作应从源头、过程、后果3个管控阶段加强对核材料的安全监管。核设施层面的核安保工作是国家核材料安全监管工作实施层面的具体管控手段，其核心目的应该是防范核恐怖主义威胁。     

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• RED performance and stack resistance were studied by EIS and LSV. • Interface resistance were discriminated from Ohmic resistance by EIS. • Impacts of spacer shadow effect and concentration polarization were analyzed. • Ionic short current reduced the power density for more cell pairs. • The results enabled to predict RED performance with different configurations. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities. Herein, the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three different parameters (membrane type, number of cell pairs and spacer design) were controlled. The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes (Type I and Type II) supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V: Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes, which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density. The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents. With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200 µm, the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efficiency losses increased from 31% to 49%. Overall, the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.     

我国危险废物综合利用标准体系构建路径浅析

文章剖析了我国危险废物处理处置和资源化利用标准体系存在的问题，提出了危险废物综合利用标准制定的基本原则、研制思路，以及开展标准体系建设的路径。