Effects of connectivity and spatial resolution of analyses on conservation prioritization across large extents

The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 × 0.1 km to 25.6 × 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15% to 60% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine-resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high-resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine-resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well-connected reserve networks.     

三峡库区消落带富营养化及其危害预测和防治

三峡水库蓄水运行后将出现一个落差达30 m的永久消落带。消落带是水域生态系统与岸上陆地生态系统的交替控制地带,该地带具有生物的多样性、人类活动的频繁性和生态的脆弱性,随着人类活动的影响,已成为湖岸带中生态最脆弱的地带。由于工业和生活用水污染以及水体自净能力下降,消落区富营养化相关物质（如氮和磷）污染会进一步加剧。因此,必须针对库区消落带地区的特殊情况,选择适当的模式对消落带进行超前环境整治和保护,实现三峡库区生态系统的恢复和重建。     

22种化学物和紫外线对λDNA的遗传毒性分析

采用具有遗传毒性的受试化学物处理λDNA后,经体外包装,形成噬菌体颗粒,感染宿主菌LE392,噬菌斑发生率将显著降低。用这一方法对22种化学物和紫外线测试的结果表明,丝裂霉素C等13种受试化学物和紫外线对λDNA具有遗传毒性。根据用限制性内切酶消化和凝胶电泳分析的结果认为,丝裂霉素C（MMC）、甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）和9－氨基吖啶（9－AA）对λDNA的遗传毒作用机理,可能是它们分别造成了λDNA分子发生随机断裂、DNA交联和在碱基热点上结合的移码突变。     

Submicron particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Polish teaching rooms: Concentrations, origin and health hazard

The goal of the work was to investigate the concentrations of the 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) bound to submicrometer particles(particulate matter, PM_1) suspended in the air of university teaching rooms and in the atmospheric air outside. Two teaching rooms were selected in two Polish cities, Gliwice, southern Poland,and Warsaw, central Poland, differing with regard to the ambient concentrations and major sources of PM and PAH. The variabilities of indoor and outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, the ratio(I/O) of the indoor to outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, probable sources of PAH and the level of the hazard from the mixture of the 16 PAH(ΣPAH) to humans at both sites were analyzed. In both Warsaw and Gliwice, the mean concentrations of PM_1-bound ΣPAH were slightly higher in the atmospheric air than in the rooms. The indoor and outdoor concentrations of individual PAH in Gliwice were correlated,in Warsaw – they were not. Most probably, the lack of the correlations in Warsaw was due to the existence of an unidentified indoor source of gaseous PAH enriching PM_1 in phenanthrene, fluorene, and pyrene. Although the ambient concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH were low compared to the ones observed earlier at both sites, they were much higher than in other urbanized European areas. However, because of low mass share of heavy PAH in ΣPAH, the various indicators of the health hazard from the 16 PAH mixture were low compared to other regions.     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝鳃组织抗氧化酶活性的影响

将马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensi）暴露于不同质量浓度（1、4和8μg.L-1）苯并[a]芘B[a]P中,检测暴露后第3、7和10天后,马氏珠母贝鳃组织抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶SOD、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶GST和过氧化氢酶CAT）对苯并[a]芘胁迫的生态毒理效应。结果表明：暴露时间为3、7 d时,SOD活性无明显变化,随着暴露时间的延长,SOD活性在第10天时被激活;在胁迫初期,GST活性被激活,随后表现出逐渐降低的趋势,在暴露后10 d,不同质量浓度组GST活性变化趋于稳定。当暴露质量浓度相同时,表现出明显的时—效关系;而CAT活性在第7天被激活,随着时间的延长,高质量浓度（4和8μg.L-1）组表现出先升高后下降的趋势,并表现出一定的时-效关系。SOD、GST和CAT均可作为B[a]P污染的生物标志物,活性变化相对于SOD,GST和CAT对B[a]P的胁迫更加敏感。     

Response of soil catalase activity to chromium contamination

The impact of chromium(III) and (VI) forms on soil catalase activity was presented. The Orthic Podzol, Haplic Phaeozem and Mollic Gleysol from di erent depths were used in the experiment. The soil samples were amended with solution of Cr(III) using CrCl3, and with Cr(VI) using K2Cr2O7 in the concentration range from 0 to 20 mg/kg, whereas the samples without the addition of chromium served as control. Catalase activity was assayed by one of the commonly used spectrophotometric methods. As it was demonstrated in the experiment, both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have an ability to reduce soil catalase activity. A chromium dosage of 20 mg/kg caused the inhibition of catalase activity and the corresponding contamination levels ranged from 75% to 92% for Cr(III) and 68% to 76% for Cr(VI), with relation to the control. Catalase activity reached maximum in the soil material from surface layers (0–25 cm), typically characterized by the highest content of organic matter creating favorable conditions for microorganisms.     

Adsorption of Disperse Blue SBL dye by synthesized poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the adsorption in batch mode of a disperse dye (Disperse Blue SBL) by poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite synthesized by coprecipitation between Ca(NO_3)_2 and (NH_4)_2HPO4 reagents in aqueous solution at room temperature. The adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the dye uptake by the adsorbent, such as the contact time under agitation, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution temperature, and pH. The e...     

Problems of railway noise-a case study

Under Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, all European countries are obliged to model their environmental noise levels in heavily populated areas. Some countries have their own national method, to predict noise but most have not created one yet. The recommendation for countries that do not have their own model is to use an interim method. The Dutch SRM II scheme is suggested for railways. In addition to the Dutch model, this paper describes and discusses 3 other national methods. Moreover, discrepancies between the HARMONOISE and IMAGINE projects are analysed. The results of rail traffic noise measurements are compared with national methods.     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的研究

通过单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星试验)研究了苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤。结果显示,在相同暴露时间内,不同质量浓度的B[a]P均能引起马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤。4μg.L-1 B[a]P处理组DNA含量、彗尾长度和Olive尾矩均最大,分别为34.39%、281.73和60.31μm。随着暴露时间的延长,彗星尾长明显增加,表现出明显的时间-效应关系,而DNA含量和Olive尾矩没有呈现出规律性变化。此外,在不同的染毒时间内,对照组和各处理组之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),3个指标具有很好的一致性。研究表明,彗星试验是检测B[a]P对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的一种有效手段,马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤可作为指示B[a]P污染的一种有效生物标志物用于早期预警监测。     

重庆市男性PAHs和PAEs暴露与男性精液质量的相关性分析

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)和邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)是三峡库区水中主要有机污染物。为探讨这2类化学物对三峡库区男性精液质量的影响,课题组于2007年在三峡库区6个区县进行了男性生殖健康的流行病学调查。调查中共收集到有效样本1 346例,对所有样本进行了精液常规检测,选取了冬季采样的232例标本进行了尿液中4种PAHs代谢产物和5种PAEs代谢产物含量的检测,并对这些样本的精子细胞凋亡(Annexin V/PI双标法)和精子脱氧核醣核酸(DNA)损伤(彗星电泳法)进行了检测。运用Spearman等级相关,多元线性回归和logisitic回归分析等方法分析了PAHs和PAEs代谢产物与精液常规指标、精子细胞凋亡、精子DNA损伤的相关关系。结果显示,1 346名三峡库区健康男性精液常规5项指标全部达到世界卫生组织(WHO)标准的比率仅为38.9%。PAHs代谢产物的含量与男性精液常规指标间未发现相关关系,但某些PAHs代谢产物水平与精子凋亡参数及精子DNA损伤指标有一定的关联性,随着尿中PAHs代谢产物浓度的增加,正常未发生凋亡的精子减少,精子DNA的损伤增加。未发现PAEs代谢产物与精液各项参数间的相关关系。本研究结果表明,在重庆市健康育龄男性中PAHs与PAEs的暴露与精液常规指标间没有明确的相关关系,但PAHs暴露与精子DNA损伤显著相关。为明确PAHs的暴露对精子DNA的损伤作用,有必要进行较大规模的队列研究以进行验证。