River restoration success: a question of perception

What defines success and failure of river restoration measures is a strongly debated topic in restoration science, but standardized approaches to evaluate either are still not available. The debate is usually centered on measurable parameters, which adhere to scientific objectivity. More subjective aspects, such as landscape aesthetics or recreational value, are usually left out, although they play an important role in the perception and communication of restoration success. In this paper, we show that different perceptions of restoration success exist by analyzing data from 26 river restoration measures in Germany. We addressed both objective parameters, such as hydromorphological changes and changes in fish and benthic invertebrate assemblages, from field investigations, and subjective parameters, such as opinions and perceptions, from water managers via an online survey. With regard to the objective hydromorphological and biotic parameters, our results agree with many studies that have reported improvements in the hydromorphology following restoration; however, there is no similar agreement between results concerning changes in the benthic invertebrate and fish assemblages. The objective results do not correspond to the subjective parameters because self-evaluation of the restoration projects by water managers was overly positive. Indeed, 40% of the respondents admitted that their evaluation was based on gut feeling, and only 45% of the restoration measures were monitored or occasionally checked. This lack of objectively recorded data meant that the water managers were not able to reasonably evaluate restoration success. In contrast, some self-evaluation responses reflected a different perception of the restoration success that was based on landscape aesthetic values or on benefit for the public; others adopted a general "condemned to success" attitude. Based on our data, we argue (1) that goals should be thoughtfully formulated prior to restoration implementation and (2) that it is necessary to monitor river restoration success from different perspectives.     

三层混床技术在水处理装置中的应用

某化肥厂水处理装置采用混合离子交换器生产精制水,针对现存的阴阳双层离子交换树脂交叉污染问题,在不改变设备结构及工艺的前提下,采用三层混床技术将阴阳离子树脂彻底分离,有效消除了交叉污染问题,再生次数减少,混床运行周期平均延长到10d,周期制水量由原来的3.02×104 m3提高到4.32×104 m3;再生酸碱消耗量、用水量和污水排放量都得到了降低。     

Factors that influence the use of safe patient transfer technique in home care service

The aim of this pilot study was to explore whether home care service personnel used knowledge and skills in transfer technique in their daily work; knowledge and skills gained by participating in training programmes, and to identify factors that may hinder and support their use. Focus group interviews were held with 2 home care service groups in 2 Swedish towns. Individual interviews were conducted with the personnel's managers, unit leaders and safety representatives. Qualitative content analysis was used. The findings revealed that the personnel tried to use their knowledge and skills. However, there were both hindering and supporting factors for the use of safe work technique. The findings indicate that training programmes in transfer technique should not be implemented as isolated actions without considering the physical environment, the wishes of persons receiving care and their relatives, the work organisation, the safety culture and the role of managers.     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的研究

通过单细胞凝胶电泳技术（彗星试验）研究了苯并[a]芘（B[a]P）对马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensi）血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤。结果显示,在相同暴露时间内,不同质量浓度的B[a]P均能引起马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤。4μg.L-1 B[a]P处理组DNA含量、彗尾长度和Olive尾矩均最大,分别为34.39%、281.73和60.31μm。随着暴露时间的延长,彗星尾长明显增加,表现出明显的时间-效应关系,而DNA含量和Olive尾矩没有呈现出规律性变化。此外,在不同的染毒时间内,对照组和各处理组之间均存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,3个指标具有很好的一致性。研究表明,彗星试验是检测B[a]P对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的一种有效手段,马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤可作为指示B[a]P污染的一种有效生物标志物用于早期预警监测。     

环境税收对墨西哥杀虫剂的影响

一种最理想的杀虫剂税将按照毒性程度对市场销售的物质加以区分.在墨西哥采取这一税收是准备将来扩展按照国际协议逐步淘汰并最终消除的杀虫剂名单的最有效的方法.本文分析了三种不同的环境征税方案的内涵;对所有的杀虫剂普遍征税15%(弥补目前免征增值税的状况);根据毒性分别征税15%、10%、5%或者0%;对现在经审定的毒性最大的物质征税10%.税收必须用于恢复人类和生态系统健康以及赔付其他类型的损害.     

氰戊菊酯生理毒物代谢动力学模型的建立

利用生理毒物代谢动力学(PBTK)对小鼠静脉注射农药氰戊菊酯后,氰戊菊酯在体内分布转化代谢过程进行模拟,为评价农药暴露风险提供依据。小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯的PBTK模型构建分为5个房室:肝脏、肺、肾脏、充分灌注室和不充分灌注室,各房室内氰戊菊酯的浓度变化率由质量守恒微分方程表示。根据欧拉数值计算方法,对小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯后的毒物代谢动力学数据进行模拟。结果模拟预测了小鼠静脉注射0.5 mg·kg-1、2.5 mg·kg-1、10 mg·kg-1氰戊菊酯后血液、肝脏和肺中氰戊菊酯浓度变化曲线。为验证该模型的准确性,对小鼠静脉注射0.77 mg·kg-1氰戊菊酯后血液、肝脏和肺中氰戊菊酯的浓度值变化模拟值与前人的实验测量值进行比较,结果显示模拟值与实验值之间不存在显著性差异。因此利用该方法可以估测小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯的毒物代谢动力学数据,为评估农药暴露体内剂量数据提供了便利途径。     

Limited acid deposition inferred from diatoms during the 20th century — A case study from lakes in the Tatra Mountains

Mountain lakes are usually sensitive to the effects of global and regional environmental changes. Since the second half of the 20th century, surface-water acidification has become a significant ecological problem, and many lakes in Europe and North America have anthropogenically acidified. Additionally, following reduction in emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds, recovery from acidification has been observed in many lakes. In this study, we used changes in diatom communities to reconstruct the pH histories based on changes recorded in nine Tatra lakes (Western Carpathians, Poland) since approximately 1850 AD. Overall, results indicate that acidic precipitation had little influence on lake-water pH in the Tatra Mountain lakes. Changes in diatom-inferred pH (DI-pH) generally were small and showed little evidence of acidification during the time of the highest air pollution (since the 1960s), and have shown little change since the reduction of acidic deposition since the 1990s. Lakes that showed some evidence of acidification included dystrophic lakes with low acid neutralizing capacity. However, as illustrated by the PCA trajectories of the diatom assemblages, the majority of the lakes currently contain diatom assemblages that are unlike the diatom floras that existed ca. 1850.     

Simultaneous occupational exposure to FM and UHF transmitters

Occupational exposure caused by large broadcasting transmitters exceeds current reference levels. As it is common for different radio and TV transmitters to share the location, we analysed combined exposure on a 40-m high mast. The frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, located between the 10th and 30th metre, had the power of 25 kW, whereas an ultra-high frequency (UHF) transmitter of 5 kW occupied the top 8 m of the mast. Measured and calculated values of the electric field strength exceeded the reference levels up to 10 times; however, the results for the specific absorption rate (SAR) values show that the reference levels are very conservative for FM exposure, i.e., basic restrictions are not exceeded even when the reference levels are exceeded 10 times. However, for UHF exposure the reference levels are not conservative; they give a good prediction of real exposure.     

The influence of fatigue on muscle temperature

The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using infrared (IR) thermography for assessing muscle fatigue during low effort. Three tests at constant levels of load 5, 15 and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) lasting 5 min each were performed on a group of 10 men. Temperature and electromyographic (EMG) signal were registered from biceps brachii (BB). Analysis focused on the influence of load on the values and changes in time of muscle temperature. Correlations between temperature and EMG parameters (RMS, MPF and MF) were also analysed. Constant load sustained during the tests resulted in an increase in the temperature of BB. There were statistically significant correlations between temperature and EMG parameters for most subjects. Results of the study suggest that IR thermography can be an alternative or supplementary method for assessing muscle fatigue at low levels of contraction.     

中国大陆省级无意产生的五氯苯和六氯苯多源大气排放清单

基于技术分类方法构建了动态排放因子数据库,再采用排放因子法,自下而上构建了1960～2019年中国大陆省级无意产生的五氯苯和六氯苯的多源大气排放清单,并探究其时空分布特征.研究结果显示,五氯苯的最大排放源是含氯化学品生产,而六氯苯的最大排放源则是金属冶炼;五氯苯和六氯苯的排放密度均表现为东部地区高于西部地区的特征.从1960～2019年,五氯苯和六氯苯的排放量从1277.9,81.2kg分别上升至11862.3,439.7kg,但排放强度(单位GDP的排放量)却从869.3,55.2g/亿元分别下降至12.0,0.4g/亿元.