重庆主城区流域邻苯二甲酸酯生态风险评价

以长江、嘉陵江重庆主城区段为研究水域,利用Agilent6890N气相色谱仪对丰水期该研究水域12个采样点水体中五种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）含量进行测定,分析了PAEs在该区域水体中丰水期的分布特征并进行了生态安全评价。结果表明：丰水期水体中∑PAEs的浓度范围为0.87μg/L-55.66μg/L;DBP与DEHP为优先污染物,其浓度范围在0.15μg/L-28.32μg/L与0.26μg/L-26.29μg/L;按商值法对PAEs进行生态安全评价,DMP、DEP对该水域中水生动植物无生态风险,DBP和DEHP存在潜在低风险。     

Validation of a conductometric bienzyme biosensor for the detection of proteins as marker of organic matter in river samples

This article describes a conductometric bi-layer based bienzyme biosensor for the detection of proteins as a marker of organic matter in rivers. Proteins were chosen to be used as indicators of urban pollution. The working mechanism of the bienzyme biosensor is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins into several fractions (peptides and amino acids), which results in a local conductivity change depending of the concentration of proteins. In this work, we began with the optimization of biosensor response using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard protein. For this objective seven enzymatic biosensors were prepared: four enzymatic sensors with only one layer of enzyme (proteinase K, trypsin, pronase or protease X) and three other enzymatic sensors with two layers (first layer: membrane containing proteinase K; second layer: one of the three other enzymes: trypsin, pronase or protease X). The biosensors were obtained through the deposition of enzymatic layers and the cross-linking process between enzymes and BSA in saturated glutaraldehyde vapour. The response of the various biosensors, described previously, were compared with the values of total organic carbon (TOC), and those of organic nitrogen (Norg), as determined by the laboratory accredits (CEMAGREF of Lyon) using the traditional method of analysis (NF EN 1484, infrared spectroscopy) and (NF EN 25663, mineralization/colorimetry assay) respectively for each water sample obtained from di erent sites in Lyon (France). The linear correlations obtained with the response of the seven biosensors showed the most important indices of correlations for the biosensor with two enzymatic layers: proteinase K + pronase (pkp). The optimum conditions for the preparation of the pkp biosensor increased the sensitivity and gave a limit of quantification of 0.583 g/L for TOC and 0.218 g/L for Norg in water samples. This sensor shows good reproducibility (2.28%), a capacity to be used at temperatures range 10– 30°C (depending on the season) and moreover a long lifetime (5 weeks).     

中国大陆省级无意产生的五氯苯和六氯苯多源大气排放清单

基于技术分类方法构建了动态排放因子数据库,再采用排放因子法,自下而上构建了1960～2019年中国大陆省级无意产生的五氯苯和六氯苯的多源大气排放清单,并探究其时空分布特征.研究结果显示,五氯苯的最大排放源是含氯化学品生产,而六氯苯的最大排放源则是金属冶炼;五氯苯和六氯苯的排放密度均表现为东部地区高于西部地区的特征.从1960～2019年,五氯苯和六氯苯的排放量从1277.9,81.2kg分别上升至11862.3,439.7kg,但排放强度(单位GDP的排放量)却从869.3,55.2g/亿元分别下降至12.0,0.4g/亿元.     

长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机污染物的研究

长江和嘉陵江作为重庆市主城区的饮用水水源，其有机污染物的定性分析尚未见报道。应用固相萃取－GC／MS技术对重庆市主城区饮用水源水有机污染物进行了分析，共检出101种有机污染物，其中嘉陵江源水64种，长江源水46种。主要污染物包括：邻苯二甲酸酯，酯类，酮类，酚类，杂环和苯及其衍生物等。嘉陵江源水枯水期污染重于丰水期，有机污染物浓度明显高于长江源水；长江源水污染丰水期重于枯水期，并表现出中游污染轻，上游和下游污染重的特点。检出率较高的化合物有：邻苯二甲酸二（2－甲基丙基）酯，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（100％），1－氯－4－硝基－苯（60％），1，2，3，3，3－五氯丙烷（50％），2，6－二特丁基对甲酚（40％）；此外，在枯水期B厂水样中检出多种硫代磷酸酯，其单种含量最高达到56.5μg/L。     

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基已)酯(DEHP)对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada maetensii)胚胎发育的影响及DNA损伤

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)是一种常用的增塑剂,在环境中广泛存在。本研究以马氏珠母贝胚胎为研究对象,揭示DEHP短期胁迫对胚胎发育的影响及胚胎DNA损伤。结果显示:DEHP对D型面盘幼虫的发育有显著影响,同一浓度组的死亡率与时间呈正相关。在(4~32)mg/L浓度范围内,不同胁迫时间段,幼虫的死亡率随染毒浓度升高而上升,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,说明DEHP暴露能影响马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的发育,并可能对其种群结构产生不利影响。DEHP胁迫还能对胚胎 DNA造成明显损伤,随着DEHP染毒浓度的增大,彗星尾长(TL)、尾矩(OTM)明显增加,尾部DNA含量(T-DNA)上升,3个指标表现出良好的相关性,DNA的损伤与暴露浓度间存在明显的剂量-效应关系。研究结果表明马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的发育和形态学变化、胚胎细胞的DNA的损伤可以作为反映海洋环境中DEHP污染早期预警的敏感生物标志物。     

临江河回水区营养盐及富营养化特征分析

以2008年3～9月对库区次级河流临江河回水区水质的调查为依据,分析了临江河回水区氮、磷营养盐的污染分布及富营养化特征。结果表明,临江河回水区氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)的浓度在7月中旬达到最小值,分别为1.963和5.128 mg/L, 之后在9月初出现峰值,而磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)和总磷(TP)的浓度却呈现出先增加后下降的变化规律;氮主要来自点源污染,而磷受面源污染影响较大;溶解性无机氮(DIN)和PO^3-₄-P是TN与TP的主要存在形态,平均分别占TN和TP的85.3%和77.8%,而DIN又以NH₃-N为主。营养盐浓度呈现出回水区中游最高,回水末端次之,河口处最低的空间分布特征。叶绿素a（Chl-a）的浓度在4月和9月出现峰值,其空间分布特征与营养盐的类似。研究表明,临江河回水区在重度污染的情况下,即便是河流型水体也可能发生富营养化;流速对Chl-a浓度的显著影响呈指数关系。     

酶联免疫吸附法测定水中异丙隆

建立了测定水中异丙隆的酶联免疫吸附法。灵敏度0.97μg/L，最低检出限0.03μg/L16种取代脲类除草剂的交叉反应率低于2.2%。水样可不经分离提取直接测定。10%甲醇、2%乙腈和2%乙醇不影响测定。比较了11种与异丙隆结构相近的半抗原的活性。     

基于遗传算法的次级河流回水段水质模型多参数识别

根据长江次级河流临江河回水段的实际情况,建立一维水质模型,模型中的各变化项采用有限差分法(FDM)进行离散,以回水段水体中COD和NH3-N的实测资料为基础,利用自适应遗传算法(AGA)对2种污染物的纵向离散系数及一级降解系数进行反演计算,得出回水段COD和NH3-N的纵向离散系数分别为0.5227,0.5196km2/h,一级降解系数分别为0.0342,0.0367h-1;计算值与实测值吻合较好,表明FDM-AGA方法能较好地运用于次级河流回水段水质模型的多参数识别.