黑河下游地下水位变化特征及其原因

论文选取分布于黑河下游段额济纳东河、 西河沿岸具有代表性的6眼长期观测井,根据其地下水位旬观测数据(1990-2009年),应用统计特征分析以及Mann-Kendall和Mann-Whitney趋势检验法分析黑河下游地下水位动态变化特征。研究发现:1990-2009年期间,东、 西河地下水位平均埋深存在上中部浅、 下部深的空间分布特征;下部地下水位埋深呈显著增加、 上中部呈非显著性减少态势。各井地下水位埋深在2000年后不同年份出现了变化趋势转折。分析表明:2000年实施的生态输水是研究区地下水位得以逐渐恢复的根本原因,但输水量不足、 抽取地下水灌溉是导致下部地下水持续下降的主要原因。研究结果可为黑河下游生态输水的效果评估和输水管理工作提供参考。     

牡蛎鳃组织的培养及TBTCl对细胞活力的影响

采用无血清组织培养和台盼蓝排斥实验,从细胞形态、细胞成活率等方面分别研究了氯化三丁基锡(TributyltinChloride,TBTCl)对牡蛎鳃组织细胞的影响。实验结果表明,TBTCl对牡蛎鳃细胞的生长及活力均产生一定的影响,具有抑制牡蛎鳃细胞增生,造成牡蛎鳃细胞损伤以及致使鳃细胞死亡的作用。     

澳门城市路面地表径流特征分析

对澳门半岛孙逸仙大马路两场降雨时段的地表径流进行采样监测,项目包括浊度、COD_Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu.结果表明,初期径流水质中浊度和COD_Cr极高,但随着降雨冲刷强度的增大,SS和Pb的监测浓度增加.路面径流水质参数随降雨径流历时变化的过程曲线,很大程度上取决于降雨特征、路面车流量和路面垃圾清扫状况.2场降雨路面径流初始冲刷现象定量分析结果正好相反,反映了路面径流特征的不确定性和复杂性,因此,需对路面径流冲刷、累积过程的影响因素进行综合考虑.     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

基于CMAQ和HYSPLIT模式的日照市夏季臭氧污染成因和来源分析

日照市作为典型沿海城市,近年来O₃污染日益严重,为探究O₃污染成因和来源,基于CMAQ模型的IPR过程分析和ISAM源追踪工具分别量化不同物理化学过程,不同源追踪区域对日照市O₃的贡献,并对比在O₃超标日和非超标日的差异,结合HYSPLIT模式探究日照市O₃的区域输送路径.结果表明,以日照市及周边为CMAQ模拟区域,O₃超标日与非超标日相比,日照市和连云港市沿海附近O₃、 NO_x和VOCs浓度明显增加,这主要是由于超标日日照市为西风、西南风和东风的辐合区,易于污染物的输送并累积;过程分析显示,输送过程(TRAN)对日照市和连云港市沿海附近的近地面O₃贡献在超标日明显增加,而对临沂以西大部分区域贡献减小.光化学反应(CHEM)在各个高度对日照市白天O₃浓度均为正贡献,TRAN在离地0～60 m为正贡献,在60 m以上主要为负贡献,超标日CHEM和TRAN在离地0～60 m...     

外生菌根真菌对五氯芬的耐受性及生理响应

在纯培养条件下,研究了7种外生菌根真菌--美昧牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)、双色腊蘑(Laccaria bicolor)、褐疣柄牛肝菌(Leccinum 8cabrum)、红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)、大毒滑锈伞(Heboloma crustulinifoume)和长柄粘滑菇(Hebeloma longicaudum)在不同五氯酚浓度下的生长速度和耐受性,筛选出具有降解五氯酚潜力的3种外生菌根真菌--铆钉菇、双色腊蘑、褐疣柄牛肝菌;考察了这3种外生菌根真菌在五氯酚胁迫下的生长模式,并采用点试方法对真菌氧化还原酶的产生情况进行了检测.结果表明:低浓度(≤10mg·L-1)条件下,五氯酚并没有改变菌种的生长模式,其中铆钉菇表现出了对五氯酚较强的耐受性,而在较高浓度下(15mg·L-1),所有菌种生长均受到抑制.酶点试结果表明,铆钉菇是3种外生菌根真菌中氧化还原酶活性最强且种类较多的菌种,它表现出较高的漆酶、酪氨酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,是一种具有高效降解芳环结构污染物潜力的菌根真菌.     

Sea-level rise impacts on Africa and the effects of mitigation and adaptation: an application of DIVA

This paper assesses sea-level rise impacts on Africa at continental and national scales including the benefits of mitigation and of applying adaptation measures, considering four scenarios of global mean sea-level rises from 64 to 126 cm in the period of 1995–2100. We find that in 2100, 16–27 million people are expected to be flooded per year, and annual damage costs range between US5 and US 5 and US 9 billion, if no adaptation takes place. Mitigation reduces impacts by 11–36%. Adaptation in the form of building dikes to protect against coastal flooding and nourishing beaches to protect against coastal erosion reduces the number of people flooded by two orders of magnitude and cuts damage costs in half by 2100. Following such a protection strategy would require substantial investment. First, Africa’s current adaptation deficit with respect to coastal flooding would need to be addressed. DIVA suggests that a capital investment of US300 billion is required to build dikes adapted to the current surge regime and US 300 billion is required to build dikes adapted to the current surge regime and US 3 billion per year for maintenance. In addition, between US2 and US 2 and US 6 billion per year needs to be spent on protecting against future sea-level rise and socio-economic development by 2100. This suggests that protection is not effective from a monetary perspective but may still be desirable when also taking into account the avoided social impact. We conclude that this issue requires further investigation including sub-national scale studies that look at impacts and adaptation in conjunction with the development agenda and consider a wider range of adaptation options and strategies.     

CDN辐射骚扰测试影响因素的探究

研究影响CISPR15中辐射骚扰测试项目所用的电波暗室测试法的替代方法（CDN法）的测试因素。通过在不同的测试环境、不同的布置下对比测试,得到了不同的测试结果,从而加深了对标准布置的理解,也为实验室间比对测试提供了参考。     

PAFC/CTS/红粘土复合絮凝剂对天然胶乳废水的处理

采用聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)与壳聚糖(CTS)、红粘土复合,制备三元复合絮凝剂,并对胶乳废水进行处理。分别考察了絮凝剂各组分配比、絮凝剂投加量、絮凝搅拌强度对天然胶乳废水的浊度去除率和COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明,当以300 r/min搅拌2min,80¹00 r/min搅拌5 min,15100 r/min搅拌5 min,15²5 r/min搅拌10 min,聚合氯化铝铁/壳聚糖复合絮凝剂组分质量比为PAFC:CTS=1:0.16,投加量为6 mL/L,红粘土投加量0.09 g/L时,静置沉降10 min时对废水浊度去除率和24 h COD去除率分别达98%和80%以上。比单独使用PAFC絮凝剂减少了约一半的投料量。此外,通过扫描电镜观察絮体形貌,初步探讨了絮凝机理,可能是在絮凝体系中引入壳聚糖后,不仅能够保持PAFC絮凝过程中的电中和性能,还能发挥壳聚糖大分子链的吸附架桥性能,从而大大提高复合絮凝剂的絮凝能力。     

典型草原抗风蚀能力的实验研究

为了了解人为干扰对典型草原抗风蚀能力的影响,采用风洞实验的方法对不同干扰条件下典型草原原状土的抗风蚀能力进行了研究.不同时间禁牧草原的风洞实验结果表明,禁牧典型草原的风蚀量和风蚀率都明显低于自由放牧草原,而且,在相同风速下,禁牧时间越长,侵蚀率及侵蚀量越小;草原开垦后,土壤的侵蚀率和侵蚀量远远高于典型草原,而且风速越大,相差越大;草原土壤侵蚀率随风速的增加而增加,但受草原土壤可侵蚀量的限制.另外,人工模拟干扰实验表明,典型草原土壤的侵蚀率与干扰程度呈直线相关关系.结果说明:放牧及耕作会使典型草原的抗风蚀能力明显降低,而禁牧可以有效提高其抗风蚀能力.在典型草原区,实行禁牧是遏制草原退化的有效措施.