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排序方式: 共有590条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
121.
Van den Steen E Jaspers VL Covaci A Dauwe T Pinxten R Neels H Eens M 《Environment international》2008,34(2):155-161
Small-scale geographical variation in the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was investigated using the eggs of a terrestrial residential songbird species, the great tit (Parus major). In addition, we investigated the influence of the type of sampling location on the presence of these pollutants. To achieve this, 10 different sampling locations in Flanders (Belgium) were classified into 3 groups based on the extent of urbanisation, industrialisation and agriculture. The higher variance among sampling locations for the levels and profiles of PCBs and OCPs, suggests that local contamination sources are more important for the PCBs and OCPs compared to the PBDEs. Levels of PCBs and PBDEs were significantly higher in the industrialised sampling locations compared to the other locations. Sum PCB and sum PBDE levels reached up to 6050 and 79 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. PCBs and PBDEs were highly positively correlated for all groups, suggesting similar exposure pathways and/or mechanisms of accumulation. Significantly higher levels of OCPs (sum OCPs up to 2683 ng/g lipid weight) were detected in the rural sampling locations situated in a residential area. This suggests that local historical usage of OCPs by inhabitants may be an important source of contamination in Flanders. Contamination profiles differed also among the sampling locations. The rural sampling locations had a higher contribution of lower brominated BDE congeners, whereas the industrialised locations had a higher contribution of higher brominated congeners. The differences in contamination profiles among the sampling locations are probably due to differences in exposure. In conclusion, our results showed that the characteristics of a sampling location influence both the levels and profiles of PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs. 相似文献
122.
Preen oil as the main source of external contamination with organic pollutants onto feathers of the common magpie (Pica pica) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We investigated the possible sources of contamination with organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in and onto tail feathers of a large songbird, the common magpie (Pica pica). Although feathers are potentially useful as a non-destructive biomonitor for organic pollutants, concentrations may be influenced by external contamination onto the feather surface. In a first approach, a group of magpies was captured after the completion of moult. The third tail feather was pulled out and a blood sample was taken. Most PCBs, DDTs and some PBDEs could be quantified in one single tail feather, indicating that the applicability of feathers goes beyond monitoring with predatory birds, as shown previously. Nevertheless, correlations between levels in serum and feathers were found significant in three cases only (i.e. CB 170, CB 180 and CB 187). This finding may be attributed to different factors, such as varying diet, condition, sample size or external contamination. In a second approach, cadavers of magpies were collected throughout Flanders. The preen gland was removed and the first, third and fifth tail feathers were pulled out at both sides. No significant differences were found among tail feathers within an individual. We compared three washing procedures to remove external contamination with organic pollutants from these feathers: deionised water, acetone and a surfactant/acetone solution. Right feathers were washed and left feathers were kept as control. Concentrations in the resulting washes were found highest in the acetone solutions. Furthermore, feathers washed with acetone or with a surfactant/acetone solution had significantly lower mean concentrations than the control feathers. Highest correlations with levels in preen gland were obtained for the control feathers. Consequently, the source of external contamination with organic pollutants onto feathers seems to be endogenous, originating from the preen gland. This is in great contrast to the extensive airborne pollution that has been reported for most heavy metals. In summary, the results of the current study highlight the usefulness of feathers for non-destructive biomonitoring of organic pollutants. 相似文献
123.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
Harrad S Ibarra C Diamond M Melymuk L Robson M Douwes J Roosens L Dirtu AC Covaci A 《Environment international》2008,34(2):232-238
Because of the similarities in European and North American dietary exposure, it has been suggested that the order of magnitude higher body burdens in North Americans may be due to international variations in exposure via ingestion of indoor dust. Furthermore, ingestion of indoor dust has been suggested as a possible source of PBDEs in the blood serum of New Zealanders. Hence, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in domestic indoor dust from: Amarillo/Austin, Texas, US; Birmingham, UK; Toronto, Canada; and Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations of BDE 209 in two UK samples were - at 520,000 and 100,000 ng g(-1) - the highest ever recorded in a domestic (or office) indoor dust sample. Median concentrations in ng g(-1) were: in Canada 620 and 560 for Sigmatri-hexa-BDEs and BDE 209 respectively; in New Zealand 96, BDE 209 not determined; in the UK 59 and 2,800; and in the US 1600 and 1300. With respect to BDE 209, concentrations were in the order: UK approximately US>Canada. For Sigmatri-hexa-BDEs, the order of concentrations was US approximately Canada>New Zealand approximately UK. Combined with principal component analysis of congener patterns, this suggests that, while North American dusts are contaminated by both Deca- and Penta-BDE commercial formulations, UK dusts are contaminated predominantly by Deca-BDE. The Octa-BDE formulation appears of minimal importance in accordance with available market demand figures. Despite the commercial formulations of PBDEs never having been manufactured in, nor imported into New Zealand, their presence in dusts from that country suggests international trade in PBDE-containing goods is an important pathway effecting their global distribution. 相似文献
124.
Ben Vanpeperstraete Sébastien Duyck Medani P. Bhandari Janis Brizga Leida Rijnhout Sylvia Lorek A. Peter Castro Chiung Ting Chang Herman Daly Robert J. Didham Gianluca Ferraro Oliver Greenfield Ashok Khosla Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker Birgit Lode Simon Miles Henrique Pacini Semida Silveira Leisa Perch Jaap Rijnsburger Mukul Sanwal Sameera Savarala S. Jacob Scherr Kallidaikurichi E. Seetharam A.M.M. Adeeb Donna Shepherd Adrian Smith Lisinka Ulatowska Alice Vincent Werner John 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(4):334-342
125.
Personality, individual differences, and demographic antecedents of self-reported household waste management behaviours 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Viren Swami Tomas Chamorro-PremuzicRosemary Snelgar Adrian Furnham 《Journal of environmental psychology》2011,31(1):21-26
The present study sought to extend recent conceptual frameworks of waste management behaviours by examining personality, individual differences, and socio-demographic antecedents of self-reported waste recycling, reuse, and reduction behaviours. A total of 203 participants from a British community sample completed a questionnaire consisting of measures of their self-reported waste management behaviour, Machiavellianism, political cynicism, the Big Five personality traits, and socio-demographics. The results of structural equation modelling showed that individuals who were less Machiavellian, less politically cynical, older, and more conscientious were more likely to report positive waste management behaviours. In combination, these predictors explained 22.0% of the variance in waste management behaviours. Thus, these variables may improve the predictive validity of existing conceptual models of waste management behaviours. The results are discussed in relation to those models. 相似文献
126.
Stakeholder Opinions on the Assessment of MPA Effectiveness and Their Interests to Participate at Pacific Rim National Park Reserve,Canada 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
As the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is globally increasing, information is needed on the effectiveness of existing
sites. Many protected area agencies however have limited resources and are unable to evaluate MPA effectiveness. An evaluation
conducted entirely by the managing agency may also lack credibility. Long-term monitoring and evaluation programs should ideally
offer opportunities for participation of diverse groups in the selection of evaluation indicators and their assessment. A
participatory approach has the potential to enhance evaluation capacity, to increase credibility and acceptance of results,
to strengthen relationships between managers and local stakeholders, and to address more locally relevant information. Using
a case study approach, this paper investigates diverse stakeholder groups’ opinions on the design of an evaluation and their
interest to participate in an assessment. Respondents were most interested in the assessment of MPA achievements and outcome
indicators. Most groups identified a range of government agencies and stakeholders that should participate in an assessment
but only half of all respondents were interested to participate in monitoring activities. Most frequently mentioned limitations
for more participation were a lack of time and money, but also governance shortcomings such as limited participation possibilities
and not paying enough credit to stakeholders’ input. Participation interest was also influenced by occupation, place of residency,
and familiarity with the marine environment. Differences exist among stakeholders about suitable evaluators and preferred
monitoring partners, which could affect the credibility of evaluation results and affect monitoring activities. 相似文献
127.
Forested watersheds, an important provider of ecosystems services related to water supply, can have their structure, function, and resulting streamflow substantially altered by land use and land cover. Using a retrospective analysis and synthesis of long-term climate and streamfiow data (75 years) from six watersheds differing in management histories we explored whether streamflow responded differently to variation in annual temperature and extreme precipitation than unmanaged watersheds. We show significant increases in temperature and the frequency of extreme wet and dry years since the 1980s. Response models explained almost all streamflow variability (adjusted R2 > 0.99). In all cases, changing land use altered streamflow. Observed watershed responses differed significantly in wet and dry extreme years in all but a stand managed as a coppice forest. Converting deciduous stands to pine altered the streamflow response to extreme annual precipitation the most; the apparent frequency of observed extreme wet years decreased on average by sevenfold. This increased soil water storage may reduce flood risk in wet years, but create conditions that could exacerbate drought. Forest management can potentially mitigate extreme annual precipitation associated with climate change; however, offsetting effects suggest the need for spatially explicit analyses of risk and vulnerability. 相似文献
128.
Spatial elements of mortality risk in old-growth forests 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
For many species of long-lived organisms, such as trees, survival appears to be the most critical vital rate affecting population persistence. However, methods commonly used to quantify tree death, such as relating tree mortality risk solely to diameter growth, almost certainly do not account for important spatial processes. Our goal in this study was to detect and, if present, to quantify the relevance of such processes. For this purpose, we examined purely spatial aspects of mortality for four species, Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Calocedrus decurrens, and Pinus lambertiana, in an old-growth conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. The analysis was performed using data from nine fully mapped long-term monitoring plots. In three cases, the results unequivocally supported the inclusion of spatial information in models used to predict mortality. For Abies concolor, our results suggested that growth rate may not always adequately capture increased mortality risk due to competition. We also found evidence of a facilitative effect for this species, with mortality risk decreasing with proximity to conspecific neighbors. For Pinus lambertiana, mortality risk increased with density of conspecific neighbors, in keeping with a mechanism of increased pathogen or insect pressure (i.e., a Janzen-Connell type effect). Finally, we found that models estimating risk of being crushed were strongly improved by the inclusion of a simple index of spatial proximity. Not only did spatial indices improve models, those improvements were relevant for mortality prediction. For P. lambertiana, spatial factors were important for estimation of mortality risk regardless of growth rate. For A. concolor, although most of the population fell within spatial conditions in which mortality risk was well described by growth, trees that died occurred outside those conditions in a disproportionate fashion. Furthermore, as stands of A. concolor become increasingly dense, such spatial factors are likely to become increasingly important. In general, models that fail to account for spatial pattern are at risk of failure as conditions change. 相似文献
129.
Michael G. Janech Holly A. Gefroh Emily E. Cwengros James A. Sulikowski David W. Ploth Wayne R. Fitzgibbon 《Marine Biology》2008,153(6):1173-1179
One of the two phloretin-sensitive, facilitated urea transporters identified from the kidneys of the myliobatiform, euryhaline
elasmobranch, Dasyatis sabina, a 379 amino acid protein ([D. sabina]strUT-2), was very similar to the 380 amino acid isoform (shUT) present in the kidney of the squaliform, dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias (a species that can be considered marginally euryhaline since it utilizes upper estuarine, as well as ocean habitats). To
test the proposal that this isoform is a conserved urea transporter (UT) expressed in the kidneys of diverse elasmobranchs,
UTs were cloned from the kidneys of a rajiform elasmobranch, the stenohaline skate, Leucoraja ocellata and another dasyatid stingray, the marginally euryhaline, Dasyatis say. Utilizing 5′/3′ RACE, a 2,060 nt cDNA that encoded a phloretin-sensitive, 378 amino acid skate urea transporter ([L. ocellata]skUT-2) and a 1,683 nt cDNA that encoded a stingray 379 amino acid UT ([D. say]strUT-2) were obtained. These deduced UTs have a very high sequence identity with the known elasmobranch Uts. [L. ocellata]skUT-2 was 86% identical to [D. sabina]strUT-2 and 84% identical to [S. acanthias]shUT. [D. say]strUT-2 was 97% identical to the [D. sabina]strUT-2. These findings support the hypothesis that a conserved UT isoform is present in the kidneys of marine elasmobranchs,
and is an important pathway for facilitated urea transport in the kidneys of marine elasmobranchs.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
H.A. Gefroh and E.E. Cwengros contributed equally to this study. 相似文献
130.
Judith A. Zbinden Adrian Aebischer Dimitris Margaritoulis Raphaël Arlettaz 《Marine Biology》2008,153(5):899-906
Sea turtle populations worldwide suffer from reduced survival of immatures and adults due to fishery bycatch. Unfortunately,
information about the whereabouts of turtles outside the breeding habitat is scarce in most areas, hampering the development
of spatially explicit conservation plans. In the Mediterranean, recoveries of adult females flipper-tagged on nesting beaches
suggest that the Adriatic Sea and Gulf of Gabès are important foraging areas for adults, but such information could be heavily
biased (observing and reporting bias). In order to obtain unbiased data, we satellite-tracked seven loggerhead sea turtles
after they completed nesting in the largest known Mediterranean rookery (Bay of Laganas, Zakynthos, Greece). Three females
settled in the north Adriatic Sea, one in the south Adriatic Sea and two in the Gulf of Gabès area at the completion of their
post-nesting migrations (one individual did not occupy a distinct foraging area). The concordance of tracking results with
information from recoveries of flipper-tagged turtles suggests that the north Adriatic Sea and the Gulf of Gabès represent
key areas for female adult Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles. 相似文献