Hydrogen storage and distribution systems

Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace.     

石油污染对牡蛎超显微结构毒性效应的研究

采用电子显微镜观察石油污染对牡蛎生殖腺和肝胰腺组织细胞的毒性作用。结果显示,石油污染对牡蛎具有明显的慢性毒害作用,50 mg／L浓度组,实验10 d的牡蛎,其组织细胞受石油污染不明显;当实验时间为30 d时,出现明显的毒性效应,细胞核核膜肿胀,染色质聚集并边际化,细胞核崩解,细胞坏死,组织萎缩,线粒体的变化较其他细胞器对石油污染较敏感,受损坏的程度较重。     

制备块体纳米材料的新工艺——等径角挤压

综述了等径角挤压法制备块体纳米材料的发展及其工艺原理 ,并在此基础上论述了等径角挤压材料的微观结构及其应用 ,指出了等径角挤压法目前存在的问题。     

JHC－1型COD自动检测仪在污水处理场的应用

选用ＪＨＣ一且型ＣＯＤ自动检测仪对生化进口的ＣＯＤ值连续在线监测，在一年多的运行中检验了仪器的检测精度和准确度，并根据仪器的现场运行情况对仪器进行了一些完善，使之能较好地运行在实际生产中．     

能源资源开发与区域经济发展协调研究——以我国西北地区为例

本文探讨了能源资源富集、但经济发展相对落后的经济大区能源资源开发同地区经济协调发展的问题。侧重以我国西北地区为例,从实证的角度,阐述了能源开发对地区经济繁荣的意义和作用、富能地区经济系统的空间组织以及推动能源开发同可持续发展相互协调的区域政策要点。     

甲烷高温自燃诱导过程实验与数值模拟研究

甲烷的转化在化工产业中具有举足轻重的地位与战略意义,近年来涌现的氧化偶联制烯烃等多种新型化工工艺涉及高温条件的甲烷-纯氧等体系的混合与反应过程,明确甲烷高温自燃诱导与爆炸规律是实现工艺安全设计与运行的前提,然而相关研究与基础数据仍较为欠缺。通过利用基于快速压缩装置的高温高压燃爆测试系统开展甲烷-纯氧等典型混合体系的自燃诱导过程研究,同时基于GRI-Mech 3.0机理的数值模拟方法进行了数值模拟研究。实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,随着温度/压力的增加及氧气含量的下降,混合体系自燃诱导时间均缩短;燃料气中加入乙烷或氢气则会大幅缩短自燃诱导过程。对于多个工艺过程中涉及的低氧含量体系率先开展了研究,得到了不同当量比及温度条件下的典型体系自燃诱导时间,同时考察了惰性气的加入对于自燃诱导过程的延长作用。研究结果有助于深入理解甲烷自燃诱导机理,同时指导高温条件的甲烷转化工艺的本质安全化设计与爆炸防控。     

液体浮选法回收废旧电脑线路板中铜的研究

本文用物理及化学方法研究了废旧电脑线路板的处理回收工艺.首先通过粉碎机将线路板破碎,在不同破碎时间和转速下,对筛分后各粒级的产物作累积产率曲线,得到理想的破碎时间和转速,然后利用液体对破碎的物料进行浮选,量化分析铜与非金属的解高程度,最后通过碘量法检测浮选后铜的回收情况.实验结果表明:在R＞2000 rpm的条件下线路板粉碎120s,采用三溴甲烷作浮选液,进行液体浮选,在dp＜0.074 mm的细粒级中,主要是玻璃纤维和碳化硅等非金属物质,线路板中的铜主要富集在0.84～0.125 mm粒级中,在0.84～0.42 mm粒级中,铜的回收率可达到97.89%.     

稻米和土壤中农美利残留量气相色谱分析方法的研究

建立了测定稻田土壤、稻米中农美利残留量的气相色谱分析方法。用配有NPD的气相色谱仪、DB-1301毛细管柱测定稻田土壤及稻米中农美利的残留量，最低检测浓度为0．01mg／kg、平均回收率为80．4％-99．8％，变异系数为6．3％-11．7％，均达到残留分析的要求。     

Alteration in Rhizosphere Soil Properties of Afforested <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhamnus lycioides</Emphasis> Seedlings in Short-Term Response to Mycorrhizal Inoculation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus intraradices</Emphasis> and Organic Amendment

The reestablisment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions. A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality.     

大气环境的光触媒净化技术

介绍了光触媒对大气环境净化的机理，着重讨论了TiO2光触媒的活性、固定以及对大气污染杨的处理过程、问题等，并对光触媒技术的未来作了展望，以期推动我国在光触媒技术方面的研究。