恶臭污染排放源指纹谱编制及初步应用

为了识别恶臭污染源排放特征以及了解不同行业恶臭物质排放差异,对恶臭污染排放源指纹谱指标物质进行了筛选,并依据筛选结果对6家典型恶臭排放企业进行样品采集及分析,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.结果表明:①通过物质嗅觉阈值与AMGE（ambient multimedia environmental goals,周围环境目标值）和RfC（reference concentration,健康风险参考浓度）对比以及结合国内外恶臭标准受控物质和现有的标准检测方法,最终确定了包括三甲胺、硫化氢、甲硫醇等典型恶臭物质在内的19种物质作为指纹谱指标物质.②依据我国现行的标准监测分析方法对19种恶臭指标物进行检测,初步得到了各家企业的恶臭物质指纹谱数据,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.③指纹谱成分分析结果显示,污水处理厂主要的恶臭物质是硫化氢,ρ（硫化氢）为44.566 mg/m3;涂料企业ρ（甲基乙基酮）、ρ（丁醛）和ρ（乙酸乙酯）较高,分别为39.037、28.757、27.840 mg/m3;制药企业ρ（丙醛）较高,为4.791 mg/m3;汽车和家具制造企业ρ（二甲苯）较高,分别为15.209和2.081 mg/m3.④应用分歧系数法分析不同企业指纹谱之间的相似程度,分析结果显示,分歧系数在0.331~0.809之间,不同企业之间指纹谱存在较大差异.研究显示,建立恶臭污染排放源指纹谱可进行恶臭源排放特征识别,为恶臭污染溯源提供基础数据和科学依据.      

深圳湾沉积物重金属污染时空分布特征

根据1992~2013年间深圳湾沉积物的监测数据,重点分析了重金属砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）和锌（Zn）含量、来源、相关性、污染程度和生态风险等污染状况。深圳湾沉积物中重金属含量存在明显的时空分布特征。1992~2013年间,深圳湾尤其是近岸海域,沉积物重金属含量的基本变化趋势为先增加后下降,重金属含量在2000~2009年间相对较高;Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Zn的含量从湾内到湾口逐渐降低。重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和As的富集因子指数较高,说明这4种重金属主要来自人类活动。Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn之间存在明显的相关性,具有相似污染途径和迁移过程。深圳湾底泥中重金属Pb、Zn和Cu属于轻微污染程度,其他重金属为无污染程度。深圳湾沉积物重金属的生态危害程度为轻微生态风险,重金属中Hg的生态风险指数最高,As和Cd次之。     

Evaluating the technical efficiencies of fishing vessels to achieve effective management of overexploited fisheries

Global marine capture fisheries are undergoing serious stress, with overfishing as one of the major problems. In order to mitigate the overexploitation of capture fisheries, government regulation or fisheries management is necessary. Among various management approaches, vessel quantity control is being widely employed. To achieve effective governance of fisheries, the technical efficiency (TE) issue needs to be considered in the implementation of vessel quantity control. Using the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) stick-held dip net fishery in Japan as a case study, this paper estimated the TE of sampled fishing vessels and explored the possible factors affecting the gap in efficiency. This paper aims to provide suggestions for a better implementation of vessel quantity control in global Pacific saury fishery, and also to serve as an empirical example of integrating TE analysis into management of overexploited fisheries for achieving satisfactory effects. Results show the TE score of the sampled fishery averaged around 0.7 from 2009 to 2014, and factors concerning owners/skippers’ motivation such as vessel ownership and specialization, vessel tonnage as well as skippers’ age show positive effects on the TE. Our findings in the present work provide important strategies for mitigating overexploitation in fisheries. Conducting technical efficiency analysis of targeted fisheries is a vital issue to be considered for designing and realizing an effective implementation of fisheries management approaches. The large vessels and the enthusiasm of vessel owners/skippers need to be particularly addressed when vessel quantity limit is considered to mitigate the problem of overfishing.     

大连重要海水增养殖区粪便污染指示菌和弧菌的时空分布

开展海水增养殖区卫生安全评价对于减少人体健康风险、提高增养殖区的有效管理尤为重要。本研究于2013年3月、5月、8月和10月对大连市金石滩、大长山岛、大李家3个重要海水增养殖区的贝类和海水进行了粪便污染指示菌总大肠菌群（TC）和粪大肠菌群（FC）的监测,同时监测了弧菌总数（TV）和主要环境要素（包括水温、pH、盐度、COD、DO、Chl a）。结果表明:这3个海区贝类组织中TC及海水中的TC、FC浓度均呈显著的时间和空间分布变化。贝类组织中TC含量随时间的分布趋势为:8月> 5月> 3月> 10月,空间分布为:大长山岛>金石滩,大长山岛>大李家,而金石滩和大李家差异不显著（P < 0.05）;海水中TC和FC浓度分布特征相似,时间分布特征均为:金石滩8月份最高,大李家5月份最高,而大长山岛各月份均低于最低检测限（2 MPN/100 mL）,空间分布特征均为:大李家增养殖区污染较为严重,而金石滩和大长山岛差异不显著（P < 0.05）。3个增养殖区8月份和10月份的海水中TV浓度较高,为3.3×102~4.23×105 CFU/100 mL。通过分析不同季节海水增养殖区中TC、FC、TV之间及其与水温、pH、盐度、COD、DO、Chl a的相关性,表明环境要素以及增养殖区水域特点对于粪便污染指示菌和弧菌的时空分布具有重要的影响。为更好地反映增养殖区的卫生安全状况,海水和养殖生物体内指示生物应同时监测,在监测传统粪便污染指示菌的同时,建议将弧菌作为重要的病原菌指标。     

Assessment of inherent vulnerability of forests at landscape level: a case study from Western Ghats in India

Assessment of vulnerability is an important step in building long-term resilience in the forestry sector. The objective of this paper is to present a methodological approach to assess inherent vulnerability of forests at landscape level. The approach involves use of vulnerability indicators, the pairwise comparison method, and geographic information system (GIS) tools. We apply this approach to assess the inherent vulnerability of forests of the Western Ghats Karnataka (WGK) landscape, which is a part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India. Four vulnerability indicators, namely biological richness, disturbance index, canopy cover, and slope, are selected. We find that forests in 30, 36, 19, and 15 % grid points in this region show low, medium, high, and very high inherent vulnerability, respectively. The forest showing high and very high inherent vulnerability are mostly dry deciduous forests and plantations located largely on the eastern side of the landscape. We also find that canopy cover is one of the key indicators that determine the inherent vulnerability of forests, and natural forests are inherently less vulnerable than man-made plantations. Spatial assessment of inherent vulnerability of forests at landscape level is particularly useful for developing strategies to build resilience to current stressors and climate change in future.     

Climate change implications for the nest site selection process and subsequent hatching success of a green turtle population

Sandy beach habitat where sea turtles nest will be affected by multiple climate change impacts. Before these impacts occur, knowledge of how nest site selection and hatching success vary with beach microhabitats is needed to inform managers on how to protect suitable habitats and prepare for scientifically valid mitigation measures at beaches around the world. At a highly successful green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rookery at Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico, we measured microhabitat characteristics along the beach crawl (rejected sites) and related nest site conditions (selected sites) to subsequent hatching success rates for 64 nesting events. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report environmental data along the nesting crawl for a green turtle population and the first to use natural breaks in the data to describe their preferred habitat ranges. Our results indicate that turtles were likely using a combination of cues to find nest sites, mainly higher elevations and lower sand surface temperatures (Kruskal-Wallis test, H?=?19.84, p?<?0.001; H?=?10.78, p?<?0.001). Hatching success was significantly and negatively correlated to sand temperature at cloaca depth (Spearman’s ρ?=??0.27, p?=?0.04). Indeed, the preferred range for cloaca sand temperatures at the nest site (26.3–27.5 °C) had significantly higher hatching success rates compared to the highest temperature range (Tukey HSD?=?0.47, p?=?0.05). Sand temperatures at various depths were intercorrelated, and surface and cloaca depth sand temperatures were correlated to air temperature (ρ?=?0.70, p?=?0.00; ρ?=?0.26, p?=?0.04). Therefore, rising air temperatures could alter sand temperature cues for suitable nest sites, preferred nest site ranges, and produce uneven sex ratios or lethal incubating temperatures. Elevation cues and preferred ranges (1.4–2.5 m) may also be affected by sea level rise, risking inundation of nests.     

Vulnerability of agro-ecological zones in India under the earth system climate model scenarios

India being a developing economy dependent on climate-sensitive sector like agriculture is highly vulnerable to impacts of global climate change. Vulnerability to climate change, however, differs spatially within the country owing to regional differences in exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The study uses the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2-Earth System (HadGEM-ES) climate projections to assess the dynamics in vulnerability across four climate change exposure scenarios developed using Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The analysis was carried out at subnational (district) level; the results were interpreted and reported for their corresponding agro-ecological zones. Vulnerability of each district was quantified using indicators capturing climatic variability, ecological and demographic sensitivity, and socio-economic capacity. Our analysis further assigns probabilities to vulnerability classes of all the 579 districts falling under different agro-ecological zones. The results of the vulnerability profile show that Western plains, Northern plains, and central highlands of the arid and semi-arid agro-ecological zones are the most vulnerable regions in the current scenario (1950–2000). In the future scenario (2050), it extends along districts falling within Deccan plateau and Central (Malwa) highlands, lying in the arid and semi-arid zones, along with regions vulnerable in the current scenario, recording the highest vulnerability score across all exposure scenarios. These regions exhibit highest degree of variation in climatic parameters, ecological fragility, socio-economic marginality, and limited accessibility to resources, generating conditions of high vulnerability. The study emphasizes on the priority to take up adaptive management actions in the identified vulnerable districts to not only reduce risks of climate change, but also enhance their inherent capacity to withstand any future changes in climate. It provides a systematic approach to explicitly identify vulnerable regions, where regional planners and policy makers can build on existing adaptation decision-making by utilizing an interdisciplinary approach in the context of global change scenario.     

Identification of structural breaks in the forest product markets: how sensitive are to changes in the Nordic region?

Forests play a fundamental role in the global carbon cycle and can be managed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and conserve or sequester carbon. Global policy and environmental changes can affect regional consumption of forest products, as well as inter-regional trade of forest goods and services. This study analyzes global and regional change impacts on the production, consumption and trade of forest products in two Nordic countries, Finland and Sweden. Annual data on removal and trade (1964–2012) for roundwood and sawnwood is used to identify structural breaks based on Chow tests. According to the analysis, the time period is divided into two periods: t1 (1964–1980) and t2 (1981–2012). In the first period, breaks occurred in 1975 and 1976 in the Finnish model and no break is found in the Swedish model. In the second period, we identify breaks in 1991 and 1992 for the Finnish model and in 2004, 2005 and 2006 for the Swedish model. Although our findings have broad empirical support, we do not identify any specific incident as a direct cause of the changes in the consumption and trade patterns of the two types of wood in these countries. The models and analysis presented here can serve as methodological tools for policymakers to better understand the effects of structural changes in the production of forest goods and services in the Nordic region and globally.     

The European Union Solidarity Fund: an assessment of its recent reforms

After extensive flooding in 2002, the European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was created as an ex post loss-financing vehicle for EU member states and candidate countries in the case of disasters that exceed the government’s resources to cope. The EUSF is viewed as a valuable instrument for pooling risk among countries in Europe and potentially as a model for financing loss and damage from climate change in vulnerable countries worldwide. This paper assesses its future prospects taking account of reforms adopted in 2014. Our analysis is based on three recognized aims of the Solidarity Fund: its promotion of solidarity with those countries having the least capacity to cope with major disasters; its contribution to proactive disaster risk reduction and management (climate adaptation); and its robustness with regard to its risk of depletion (stress testing). Using a simulation approach for future disasters, we conclude that the reformed EUSF’s risk of depletion, although it is reasonably robust to more frequent disasters, could be reduced by increasing member state contributions and/or engaging in risk transfer. The European Commission has taken important steps in linking the fund to proactive risk reduction; yet, by changing its budgeting practices, the commission could be more proactive in encouraging risk management in member states. In its current form, the EUSF does not embed needs-based solidarity. Lower-income “new” member states have received disproportionately less compensation in terms of eligible losses, although on average, they have received more disaster aid than what they contribute to the fund. Solidarity could be enhanced by changing the rules for disbursing aid. After briefly describing alternative risk-pooling models in the Caribbean, Africa, and Europe, we suggest how design features of the EUSF as compared to other regional risk pools can inform discussions on the Warsaw International Loss and Damage Mechanism.     

一种可商业化生产的胶体金快速免疫层析卡:检测大田软海绵酸及其衍生物(DTX1, DTX2)

建立一种胶体金快速免疫层析检测贝类体内腹泻性贝毒主要成分软海绵酸及其衍生物鳍藻毒素的方法。合成偶联抗原OA-OVA,将适当浓度的偶联抗原和HRP标记的羊抗鼠IgG分别包被在试纸条的检测线和控制线上,胶体金标记的抗OA单克隆抗体包被金标垫,优化检测线的最佳包被浓度等条件以得到最低检出限。结果表明:该试纸条的检出限为16 ng/mL（OA,DTX1 & DTX2）,检测时间为10 min。本研究所建立的胶体金免疫层析检测贝类中大田软海绵酸及其衍生物鳍藻毒素的方法可以满足规定的160 μg/kg贝肉的安全阈值,可以应用于实际贝类样品的腹泻性贝毒的半定量检测。