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41.
Bridget M. Day Bernhard Rappenglück Craig B. Clements Sara C. Tucker W. Alan Brewer 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(33):4014-4023
The nocturnal boundary layer in Houston, Texas was studied using a high temporal and vertical resolution tethersonde system on four nights during the Texas Air Quality Study II (TexAQS II) in August and September 2006. The launch site was on the University of Houston campus located approximately 4 km from downtown Houston. Of particular interest was the evolution of the nocturnal surface inversion and the wind flows within the boundary layer. The land–sea breeze oscillation in Houston has important implications for air quality as the cycle can impact ozone concentrations through pollutant advection and recirculation. The results showed that a weakly stable surface inversion averaging in depth between 145 and 200 m AGL formed on each of the experiment nights, typically within 2–3 h after sunset. Tethersonde vertical winds were compared with two other Houston data sets (High Resolution Doppler Lidar and radar wind profiler) from locations near the coastline and good agreement was found, albeit with a temporal lag at the tethersonde site. This comparison revealed development of a land breeze on three nights which began near the coastline and propagated inland both horizontally and vertically with time. The vertical temperature structure was significantly modified on one night at the tethersonde site after the land breeze wind shift, exhibiting near-adiabatic profiles below 100 m AGL. 相似文献
42.
Alan M. Jones Roy M. Harrison J. Baker 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(13):1682-1690
The wind speed dependence of concentrations of PM10, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, particle number and NOx has been determined at three separate sites, Marylebone Road (kerbside), North Kensington (urban background) and Harwell (rural). The data are best described by a general dilution term multiplied by up to three separate source-related terms which we interpret as representing long-range transport sources, discrete local (including area) sources and marine sources respectively. Using this approach, the various particulate metrics can be quantitatively disaggregated according to the contributions of the three source types. The behaviour of nitrate is anomalous, probably due to an influence of wind speed upon the dissociation of ammonium nitrate. 相似文献
43.
Terry A. Ferrar Alan B. Brownstein 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):602-604
Confronted with shortages of low sulfur content residual fuel oil and, consequently, faced with the threat of social and economic upheaval, several air pollution control authorities in the Northeastern states were forced to relax hard-won air quality standards during the winter of 1972. The authorities did so by granting variances to their sulfur content standards for residual fuel oil. This paper examines the institutional characteristics of these variance policies from an economic incentive standpoint. After setting up desirable structural criteria for institutional design of such crisis policies, the authors examine the experience of the winter of 1972 and arrive at policy guidelines which recommend themselves for consideration in future periods of fuel oil shortages. 相似文献
44.
Anthony F. Casalinuovo Alan Sawan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):585-587
Remote sensing is an extremely new science which developed from World War II technology. At that time, infrared sensitive film (false color) was used to detect such things as troop movements and camouflaged war materials. In essence, the film displayed a color contrast between the artificial and organic vegetation. 相似文献
45.
46.
Bart E. Croes John R. Holmes Alan C. Lloyd 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):657-661
The California Air Resources Board and the South Coast Air Quality Management District hosted a conference on April 8-9, 1991 to examine the scientific issues associated with reactivity-based hydrocarbon controls, and to identify the obstacles to potential regulatory applications. Owing to residual uncertainties in the underlying science, and the complex emission measurement capabilities required for enforcement, a general consensus emerged on the need for further research before application of reactivity-based controls. A number of recommendations were made for research on the remaining scientific, enforcement, and policy issues, many of which have led to cooperative efforts initiated since the conference. 相似文献
47.
Alan M. Wolsky Edward J. Daniels Bassam J. Jody 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):449-454
This paper summarizes the results of research conducted at Ar-gonne National Laboratory (ANL) to develop and design a novel method for the recovery of CO2 from flue gases. The basic process concept Involves the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel using a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide (or CO2 and H20) rather than air as the oxidant, which results In a product stream that contains primarily CO2 and H2O. This stream Is then dried and conditioned to meet the specifications of the end user, A slip stream of CO2 (or CO2, and H20) is used as a diluent in the combustion chamberto maintain a flame temperature equivalent to the temperature that would otherwise be obtained using air as an oxidant. The cost-effectiveness of the process in recovering C02 is dependent on the scale of the operation, the type of fuel used, the cost of oxygen, and the cost of capital. The sensitivity of the cost of the recovered C02 to these variables Is discussed, and a model for estimating the cost of CO2 recovered using the ANL process Is presented. 相似文献
48.
W. Alan Bowman 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1124-1128
Equations are derived from the Gaussian plume mode! and prescribe the critical downwind distance, wind speed, and plume rise values that result in maximum ground-level concentrations (MGLC) under downwash conditions. The derivations apply to bent-over plumes and encompass the Schulman-Scire and Huber-Snyder building downwash treatments. 相似文献
49.
Alan Eschenroeder 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1423-1427
ABSTRACT Previous greenhouse gas studies comparing landfilling with combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) are limited to examinations of the emissions weighted by their relative radiative activity. This paper adds another dimension by analyzing the atmospheric response to these emissions. The heart of the analysis is a time-dependent model using a perturbation analysis of the IS92a results of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Using as inputs the emissions from the two technologies, the model calculates atmospheric concentration histories. Scenarios for a landfill and a combustor envision each accepting 1000 Mg refuse/day for a 30-year operating period followed by a 70-year postclosure period. The baseline scenario examines the basic greenhouse impact of each technology. The other scenario adds active gas collection at the landfill and energy offset credits for avoided power plant carbon emissions. For both scenarios, CH4 and trace gases from the landfill persist in the atmosphere, and they are relatively potent at forcing IR heating. The combination of these features place the landfill much higher than previously expected on the greenhouse impact scale. For the baseline scenario, the time-integrated radiative forcing from landfilling is 115 times that of combustion, and this ratio is 45 for the second scenario. 相似文献
50.
Alan R. Leston Will M. Ollison Chester W. Spicer Jan Satola 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1464-1472
Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established a federal reference method (FRM) for ozone (O3) and allowed for designation of federal equivalent methods (FEMs). However, the ethylene‐chemiluminescence FRM for O3 has been replaced by the UV photometric FEM by most state and local monitoring agencies because of its relative ease of operation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the FEM is prone to bias under the hot, humid, and stagnant conditions conducive to high O3 formation. This bias may lead to overreporting hourly O3 concentrations by as much as 20–40 ppb. Measurement bias is caused by contamination of the O3 scrubber, a problem that is not detected by dry air calibration. An adequate wet test has not been codified, although a procedure has been proposed for agency consideration. This paper includes documentation of laboratory tests quantifying specific interferant responses, collocated ambient FRM/FEM monitoring results, and smog chamber comparisons of the FRM and FEMs with alternative scrubber designs. As the numbers of reports on monitor interferences have grown, interested parties have called for agency recognition and correction of these biases. 相似文献