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151.
Lanka Thabrew Alexandra Ewing Mark Abkowitz George Hornberger 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(1):49-63
With the growing importance of environmental sustainability in the corporate sector, businesses are compelled to progress from assessing and benchmarking their environmental impact to making decisions on how to prioritize impact reduction alternatives. Most often, business decisions are driven by financial metrics, but with sustainability improvements becoming a business goal, it is also important to assess metrics from environmental and social spheres; nevertheless, practically and systematically performing such an assessment is challenging. We present an application of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method that addresses the aforementioned challenges in a corporate setting. Our case study company – one of the largest inland marine freight carriers in the United States – promotes a business culture focused on financially viable, yet socially and environmentally responsible solutions. Thus, we combine life cycle analysis (LCA), financial calculation methods, and corporate surveys to quantify environmental, economic, and social performance measures, respectively. Multiattribute utility theory is integrated with analytic hierarchy processes (AHPs) and fuzzy analysis to create a carefully designed framework for corporations with diverse groups of stakeholders. With company leadership, implementation is feasible and successful at prioritizing alternatives among diverse stakeholders. The process provides a platform for negotiation and promotes discussions on decision drivers. The use of MCDA methodologies promoted the inclusion of a suite of metrics that aligned with the company's sense of social and environmental responsibility, generating an in-depth analysis of the alternatives that factored in other things besides economics. Return-on-investments (ROI) calculations, the typical approach used in the corporate setting, would have required significantly less time and effort from the company, but the results of our MCDA application indicated that inclusion of triple bottom line metrics delve deeper into stakeholder preferences. Thus, our case study company gained a holistic view of the candidate alternatives, in addition to creating a platform for structured discussions about company goals and priorities. 相似文献
152.
Regional Environmental Change - In order to combat hunger and feed a growing world population, adapt to climate change and reduce environmental impacts of unsustainable farming practices, the need... 相似文献
153.
As the demand for water in cities increases, the quantity of wastewater being produced is growing at a phenomenal rate. If resources are to be managed effectively, a new paradigm is required for urban wastewater management. This paper reviews the initial findings of a participatory action planning process for managing wastewater for agricultural use. It finds that such processes need considerable facilitation, capacity building and knowledge sharing, but that if a plan can be devised that meets the needs of the stakeholders, even if some compromise is required, then certain stakeholders are likely to take responsibility for specific aspects. This may not meet the entire integrated water resources management (IWRM) vision of the plan but provided the plan is developed in such a way that incremental implementation will be beneficial then this will produce some success and may stimulate further cooperation. 相似文献
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155.
Susana Garrido Rui Rosa Radhouan Ben-Hamadou Maria Emilia Cunha Maria Alexandra Chícharo Carl D. van der Lingen 《Marine Biology》2008,154(6):1053-1065
Temporal variation in the fatty acid (FA) composition of stomach contents of Iberian sardines was compared to the relative
contribution to dietary carbon made by different prey types for fish from two areas off Portugal. The effect of the FA content
of the diet on sardine muscle FA composition was also studied, aiming at (1) analysing if FA biomarkers can be used as a complementary
technique for the study of sardine diet and (2) to relate spatial and temporal variations of prey FA content with sardine
condition and reproduction. Significant spatial differences in the FA composition of sardine diet occurred with concentrations
of n-3 polyunsaturated FA, namely eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5n-3] and linolenic acid 18:3n-3, being significantly higher
in the diet of sardines from the west coast, whilst the diet of sardines from the south coast was richer in monounsaturated
fatty acids (MUFA), namely the carnivory biomarker oleic acid 18:1n-9. These results are in agreement with the higher contribution
made by diatoms and dinoflagellates to the diet of sardines off the west coast. Spatial variation in sardine dietary FA was
also detected in their muscle composition, specifically for EPA, and the eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid and (n-3)/(n-6)
ratios, which were higher in sardines from the west coast. No difference in FA composition was detected between sexes, and
the seasonal variability in sardine total FA concentration was primarily related to the seasonality of spawning. Sardines
accumulate high concentrations of FAs during the resting stage of reproduction when the feeding intensity is similar or lower
to that observed during the spawning season. Additionally, sardines show a high selective retention of MUFA and polyunsaturated
FA (PUFA) throughout the year except at the beginning of the spawning season, when these FAs are largely invested in the formation
of the gonads. Therefore, temporal and regional differences of prey environments are strong enough to be reflected in fish
body composition, namely on the accumulation of essential FAs, which can have a strong impact on reproduction success for
this species. 相似文献
156.
Miguel A. Bedoya-Perez Alexandra J. R. Carthey Valentina S. A. Mella Clare McArthur Peter B. Banks 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(10):1541-1553
The giving-up density (GUD) framework provides a powerful experimental approach with a strong theoretical underpinning to quantify foraging outcomes in heterogeneous landscapes. Since its inception, the GUD approach has been applied successfully to a vast range of foraging species and foraging scenarios. However, its application is not simple, as anyone who has tried to use it for the first time might attest. Limitations of the technique were noted at its conception, yet only the artificiality of the patches, the appropriateness of the food resource, and the possibility of multiple visiting foragers were identified. Here we show the current uses of GUD and outline the practical benefits as well as the often overlooked limitations of the technique. We define seven major points that need to be addressed when applying this methodology: (1) the curvilinearity between harvest rate and energy, (2) the energetic state of the forager, (3) the effect of group foraging, (4) food quality and substrate properties, (5) the predictability of the patch, (6) behavioral traits of the forager, and (7) nontarget species. We also suggest how GUD experiments can be enhanced by incorporating complementary methods (such as cameras) to better understand the foraging processes involved in the GUD itself. We conclude that the benefits of using GUD outweigh the costs, but that its limitations should not be ignored. Incorporating new methods when using GUD can potentially offer novel and important insights into the study of foraging behavior. 相似文献
157.
Mohammad S. Farhadinia Paul J. Johnson Alexandra Zimmermann Philip J.K. McGowan Erik Meijaard Mark Stanley-Price David W. Macdonald 《Conservation biology》2020,34(4):988-996
The persistence of endangered species may depend on the fate of a very small number of individual animals. In situ conservation alone may sometimes be insufficient. In these instances, the International Union for Conservation of Nature provides guidelines for ex situ conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) indicates how ex situ management can support the CBD's objectives by providing insurance policies for species. The circumstances that justify its use are uncertain. To evaluate the current in situ extinction risk and ex situ management of 43 critically endangered species of mammalian megafauna, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and geopolitical variables related to governance, economics, and national policy within their extant ranges. We then fitted generalized additive models to assess the contribution of each variable to the ordination. Fifteen (almost one-third) of the world's terrestrial mammalian megafauna are not the subject of any ex situ management. Seventy-three percent of these taxa occur in areas characterized by political uncertainty, such as border zones or areas affected by armed conflicts, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. A further 23% of taxa in ex situ programs do not meet sustainability criteria for inbreeding avoidance. Strategic conservation planning, such as the One Plan approach, may improve ex situ management for these taxa. Given the escalating trend in threats afflicting megafauna, ex situ management should be considered more rigorously, particularly in politically unstable regions, to achieve CBD Target 12 (prevent extinction of threatened species). 相似文献
158.
159.
160.
The short-term movements and behaviour of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828) during March 1994 and April 1997 are reported from data collected by acoustic tracking and archival tags at
Ningaloo Reef on the north west coast of Western Australia. Sharks were tracked for up to 26 h and generally swam slowly at
≃0.7 m s−1 parallel to the reef edge; occasionally they swam in a wide arc adjacent to passes in the reef. All tracked sharks made regular
dives through the water column, mostly from the surface to near the bottom. These dives did not appear to be related to hydrographic
features, and the sharks were probably searching the water column for food. Most sharks were accompanied by other fishes,
usually the golden trevally Gnathanodon speciosus.
Received: 19 January 1999 / Accepted: 22 June 1999 相似文献