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101.
The present study examined African‐American and White promotion candidates' reactions to and performance on selection procedures that were completed within a police department where African Americans occupied the majority of top‐management positions. Reactions (perceived job relatedness and test‐taking motivation) of 187 candidates competing for promotion to the rank of sergeant were assessed after completing a written job knowledge test and a situational interview. Analyses showed that both the African‐American and White candidates judged the situational interview to be more job‐related than the pencil‐and‐paper job knowledge test. In addition, African Americans perceived both selection measures to be more job‐related and reported higher levels of test‐taking motivation than White candidates even though African Americans performed more poorly than White candidates on the paper‐and‐pencil test. These results challenge the contention that lower test‐taking motivation for African‐American candidates is related to racial differences in performance on pencil‐ and‐paper tests. Implications and directions for future research on reactions to selection procedures for promotion in racially diverse employment settings are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
Chung KW Chandler AR Key PB 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(4):293-299
This study examined the toxicity of two pesticides (carbaryl and diquat dibromide) and one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (fluoranthene), both singly and in mixture, to grass shrimp larvae (Palaemonetes pugio). These three chemicals are all present in coastal environments and can easily enter estuarine ecosystems. Fluoranthene was the most toxic chemical with a 96-h LC50 value of 32.45 microg/L, followed by carbaryl (43.02 microg/L) and diquat dibromide (1624 microg/L). In the chemical mixture tests, the binary carbaryl/diquat dibromide mixture and the ternary carbaryl/diquat dibromide/fluoranthene mixture had additive results. 相似文献
103.
Allison M. Thomson Robert A. Brown Norman J. Rosenberg R. Cesar Izaurralde David M. Legler Raghavan Srinivasan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(1):137-148
ABSTRACT: The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena alter global weather patterns with consequences for fresh water supply. ENSO events impact regions and their natural resource sectors around the globe. For example, in 1997 and 1998, a strong El Nino brought warm ocean temperatures, flooding, and record snowfall to the west coast of the United States. Research on ENSO events has improved long range climate predictions, affording the potential to reduce the damage and economic cost of these weather patterns. Here, using the Hydrologic Unit Model for the United States (HUMUS), we simulate the impacts of four types of ENSO states (Neutral, El Niño, La Niña, and strong El Niño) on water resources in the conterminous United States. The simulations show that La Niña conditions increase water yield across much of the country. We find that water yield increases during El Niño years across the south while declining in much of the rest of the country. However, under strong El Niño conditions, regional water yields are much higher than Neutral, especially along the West Coast. Strong El Niño is not simply an amplification of El Niño; it leads to strikingly different patterns of water resource response. 相似文献
104.
Peter M. Vitousek Stephan Httenschwiler Lydia Olander Steven Allison 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(2):97-101
在某种程度上,人类对全球氮循环的改变是很重要的,因为增加的氮极大地改变了许多天然生态系统的组成、生产率和其它性质.增加的氮为什么有这么大的影响力?为什么如此多的天然生态系统都处于缺氮状态?减缓氯相对于其它元素的循环过程,和控制生态系统水平的氮输入输出过程,都使氮供应成为生态系统动态的限制因子.我们讨论了可以减慢氮循环的因子:陆地植物和其它有机体之间的化学计量学差异,蛋白质沉淀防御植物的多度,土壤有机质中C-N键状态.对输入来讲,氮固定的能量消耗及其后果,氮以外的养分供应,对固氮者的优先取食,所有这些都能限制生物固氮者的多度和/或活动.这些过程加在一起,推动和维持着许多天然陆地生态系统的氮限制. 相似文献
105.
Aishwarya Arjunan Holly Bellerose Raul Torres Rotem Ben-Shachar Jodi D. Hoffman Brad Angle Robert Nathan Slotnick Brittany N. Simpson Andrea M. Lewis Pilar L. Magoulas Kelly Bontempo Jeanine Schulze Jennifer Tarpinian Jessica A. Bucher Richard Dineen Allison Goetsch Gabriel A. Lazarin Katherine Johansen Taber 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(10):1246-1257
Background
Disease severity is important when considering genes for inclusion on reproductive expanded carrier screening (ECS) panels. We applied a validated and previously published algorithm that classifies diseases into four severity categories (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) to 176 genes screened by ECS. Disease traits defining severity categories in the algorithm were then mapped to four severity-related ECS panel design criteria cited by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).Methods
Eight genetic counselors (GCs) and four medical geneticists (MDs) applied the severity algorithm to subsets of 176 genes. MDs and GCs then determined by group consensus how each of these disease traits mapped to ACOG severity criteria, enabling determination of the number of ACOG severity criteria met by each gene.Results
Upon consensus GC and MD application of the severity algorithm, 68 (39%) genes were classified as profound, 71 (40%) as severe, 36 (20%) as moderate, and one (1%) as mild. After mapping of disease traits to ACOG severity criteria, 170 out of 176 genes (96.6%) were found to meet at least one of the four criteria, 129 genes (73.3%) met at least two, 73 genes (41.5%) met at least three, and 17 genes (9.7%) met all four.Conclusion
This study classified the severity of a large set of Mendelian genes by collaborative clinical expert application of a trait-based algorithm. Further, it operationalized difficult to interpret ACOG severity criteria via mapping of disease traits, thereby promoting consistency of ACOG criteria interpretation.106.
107.
Changes in Tilapia guineensis gonads exposed for 12 weeks to XP-07 at a concentration of 2.5, 1.25, 0.63, or 0.32% were investigated using a static renewal method. The histological changes noted in the gonads of the exposed fish were inhibition of maturation in oocytes or spermatogenesis. In contrast, the four stages of sperm or ova development were present in the control fish and spawning occurred. The increasing degeneration (artesia) of maturing egg resulted in complete absence of matured eggs in the female gonads of fish exposed to highest concentration (2.5%) of drilling fluid. The gonadal somatic index (GSI) values were recorded in a decreasing order towards the higher tested concentrations. The GSI values ranged from 3.11 to 1.47% in females and from 0.42 to 0.16% in males, whereas in control, it was 3.18% for females and 0.52% for males. Data showed that XP-07 exerted adverse effects on reproductive processes, which led to impairment in the reproductive success of T. guineensis. 相似文献
108.
H. Jack Walker Hubert S. Feild William F. Giles Jeremy B. Bernerth L. Allison Jones‐Farmer 《组织行为杂志》2007,28(4):485-507
Our study investigated applicant characteristics in response to organizations incorporating an affirmative action policy (AAP) statement in recruitment material. Study participants (N = 217; White upper‐level management students) randomly received recruitment material containing one of three statements (e.g., affirmative action, equal employment opportunity (EEO), or no statement regarding affirmative action or EEO) and were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the organization publicizing the designated policy. Results indicated that individuals responded negatively to AAPs in recruitment material because of prejudice attitudes, the perceived unfairness of such programs (which we relate to equity sensitivity), or in an attempt to protect their own self‐interest (which we relate to general self‐efficacy). Additionally, individuals' equity sensitivity and general self‐efficacy both moderated the relationship between racial prejudice and organizational attractiveness. Specifically, the negative relationships between participants' prejudice attitudes and the attractiveness of organizations publicizing an affirmative action policy were stronger for benevolents (persons tolerant of situations where they are under‐rewarded) and for persons low in self‐efficacy. Implications of our findings for organizational recruitment practices are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
109.
Avian incubation dramatically reduces the abundance and diversity of microbial assemblages on eggshells, and this effect has
been hypothesized as an adaptive explanation for partial incubation, the bouts of incubation that some birds perform during
the egg-laying period. However, the mechanisms for these antimicrobial effects are largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized
that microbial inhibition is partly achieved through removal of liquid water, which generally enhances microbial growth, from
eggshells, and experimentally tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, we placed the first- and second-laid eggs of tree
swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) clutches in unincubated holding nests with either ambient or increased water on eggshells. Second, we added water to eggshells
in naturally partially incubated nests. We compared microbial growth on shells during a 5-day experimental period and found
that, as predicted, both unincubated groups had higher microbial growth than naturally partially incubated controls, and that
only in the absence of incubation did wetted eggs have higher microbial growth than unwetted eggs. Thus, we have shown that
water increases microbial growth on eggshells and that incubation nullifies these effects, suggesting that removal of water
from egg surfaces is one proximate mechanism for the antimicrobial effects of incubation. 相似文献
110.
100 years running: The need to understand why employee physical activity benefits organizations
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Charles Calderwood Allison S. Gabriel Christopher C. Rosen Lauren S. Simon Joel Koopman 《组织行为杂志》2016,37(7):1104-1109
Employee physical activity initiatives are commonplace, but management scholarship has not kept pace with theoretical and empirical work to validate such initiatives. In this Incubator, we clarify the employee physical activity construct, present mechanisms linking physical activity to organizationally valued outcomes, and consider the dark side of employee physical activity initiatives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献