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Disease resistance: a benefit of sociality in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rebeca B. Rosengaus Amy B. Maxmen Laran E. Coates James F. A. Traniello 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(2):125-134
The benefit of sociality in relation to disease susceptibility was studied in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Although contact with high concentrations of fungal conidia is lethal, the survivorship of nymphs exposed to spore suspensions
ranging from 6 × 106 to 2 × 108 spores/ml of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae increased with group size. The survivorship (measured as LT50) of isolated individuals ranged from 3.0 to 4.8 days, but infected nymphs living in groups of 10 and 25 individuals survived
significantly longer (5.6–8.3 and 5.6–9.1 days, respectively). In most cases, there were no significant differences in the
survival distributions of the 10- and 25-termite groups. When nymphs were infected with concentrations of 7 × 101–7 × 104 spores/ml and allowed to interact with healthy nestmates, fungal infections were not contracted by the unexposed termites.
Moreover, infected termites benefitted from social contact with unexposed nestmates: their survival rates were significantly
higher than those of infected termites living with similarly infected nestmates. Allogrooming, which increased in frequency
during and after exposure to conidia, appeared to remove potentially infectious spores from the cuticle, thus increasing termite
survivorship. These results suggest that allogrooming plays a crucial role in the control of disease and its death hazard
in termites. The infection-reducing advantage of group living may have been significant in the evolution of social behavior
in the Isoptera.
Received: 18 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 31 May 1998 相似文献
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Amy Sachs Leah Blanchard Amanda Buchanan Errol Norwitz Diana W. Bianchi 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(10):968-971
Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell-free DNA is being offered to an increasing number of women. Comprehensive pre-test counseling is complicated by emerging information about the benefits and limitations of testing, as well as the potential to detect incidental findings. Genetic counselors are trained to facilitate informed decision-making; however, not all centers have access to these professionals. To aid in the informed consent process, we have summarized key points to be included in discussions with patients who are considering NIPT. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A dispersal-constrained habitat suitability model for predicting invasion of alpine vegetation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Developing tools to predict the location of new biological invasions is essential if exotic species are to be controlled before they become widespread. Currently, alpine areas in Australia are largely free of exotic plant species but face increasing pressure from invasive species due to global warming and intensified human use. To predict the potential spread of highly invasive orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) from existing founder populations on the Bogong High Plains in southern Australia, we developed an expert-based, spatially explicit, dispersal-constrained, habitat suitability model. The model combines a habitat suitability index, developed from disturbance, site wetness, and vegetation community parameters, with a phenomenological dispersal kernel that uses wind direction and observed dispersal distances. After generating risk maps that defined the relative suitability of H. aurantiacum establishment across the study area, we intensively searched several locations to evaluate the model. The highest relative suitability for H. aurantiacum establishment was southeast from the initial infestations. Native tussock grasslands and disturbed areas had high suitability for H. aurantiacum establishment. Extensive field searches failed to detect new populations. Time-step evaluation using the location of populations known in 1998-2000, accurately assigned high relative suitability for locations where H. aurantiacum had established post-2003 (AUC [area under curve] = 0.855 +/- 0.035). This suggests our model has good predictive power and will improve the ability to detect populations and prioritize areas for ongoing monitoring. 相似文献
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