Synthesis and environmental degradation of polyesters based on poly (ε-caprolactone)

Poly (-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (-valerolactone) (PVL), poly (-caprolactone-co--valerolactone) [P(CL-co-VL)], and poly (-caprolactone-co-ethylene oxide-co--caprolactone) (PCL-PEO-PCL) were synthesized by ring-opening and diol-initiated polymerization of -caprolactone and -valerolactone. The degradation of the samples by chemical hydrolysis and in a soil burial test was evaluated. It was found that PCL, PVL, and P(CL-co-VL) degrade mainly enzymatically. The rate of degradation depends on their molecular weight, chemical structure, composition, and morphology. PCL-PEO-PCL block copolymers exhibit a repelling effect to the microorganisms in the soil, which depends on the molecular weight and relative amount of PEO block in the copolymer.     

应用VOF方法对水流中拦油栅拦油失效进行数值模拟尝试

通过自编程和流体体积分数法模拟计算了两种拦油失效的情形；低粘度的油类在水流速度超过某一临界值时发生了油滴夹带失效；粘度很大的油类在水流速度超过临界值时发生了临界累积失效，模拟结果在定性上与已有的实践结果相一致。     

湿法脱硫问题的探讨

通过对脱硫系统的分析 ,结合湿法脱硫经常存在的问题 ,首次提出湿法脱硫溶液的最小 pH值或最小浓度的概念 ,并指出 :当溶液的 pH值一定时 ,存在最小液气比。这对湿法脱硫系统的运行和设计有重要的指导意义。     

永寿大骨节病区硒的氧化还原电位及腐殖酸等的影响

以大骨节病病区土壤溶液环境为背景,研究了土壤溶液中E_H[Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ)]—pH关系及天然环境中主要的氧化还原剂腐殖酸、MnO_2、Fe~(2+)等对硒氧化还原性质的影响。腐殖酸和Fe~(2+)可提高Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ)体系的还原能力,MnO_2对Se(Ⅳ)有一定的氧化作用,而腐殖酸和Fe~(2+)只有在低pH条件下才对Se(Ⅵ)有弱的还原作用。几种含硫化合物还原Se(Ⅵ)的能力依次为:硫代乙醇酸>L-半胱氨酸>硫化物。     

Assessing soil ecotoxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether using earthworm bioassay; closed soil microcosm test for volatile organic compounds

An earthworm bioassay was conducted to assess ecotoxicity in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-amended soils. Ecotoxicity of MTBE to earthworms was evaluated by a paper contact method, natural field soil test, and an OECD artificial soil test. All tests were conducted in closed systems to prevent volatilization of MTBE out of test units. Test earthworm species were Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia andrei. Mortality and abnormal morphology of earthworms exposed to different concentrations of MTBE were examined. MTBE was toxic to both earthworm species and the severity of response increased with increasing MTBE concentrations. Perionyx excavatus was more sensitive to MTBE than Eisenia andrei in filter papers and two different types of soils. MTBE toxicity was more severe in OECD artificial soils than in field soils, possibly due to the burrowing behavior of earthworms into artificial soils. The present study demonstrated that ecotoxicity of volatile organic compounds such as MTBE can be assessed using an earthworm bioassay in closed soil microcosm with short-term exposure duration.     

Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil

Rare-earth elements (REEs) have been used in fertilizers in the agriculture of China for about 20 years. They have been shown to be beneficial elements for plants. For example, they have improved the yield and quality for several kinds of crops. This paper reviews the current literature on studies of REEs being used as fertilizers. Some studies have focused on the effects of REEs on metabolic nutrients, photosynthesis and stress resistance of plants. Other studies have shown that the environmental behaviors of REEs in soil are dominated by their low solubility. Fluorides, carbonates, phosphates and hydroxides may form neutral complexes containing REEs with a low solubility. The amount of extraneous REEs demonstrate the following relationship: residual > bound to organic matter > bound to Fe-Mn oxides > bound to carbonate > exchangeable and water soluble forms. The adsorption capacity of REEs depends on the clay type and the content of amorphous and manganese oxides, whereas the desorption of REEs is usually very low. At the end of the paper, authors discuss the needs for future environmental research on REEs, which would shed new light on the effects of REEs on agriculture, environment and human health.     

Feeding over the 24-h cycle: dietary flexibility of cathemeral collared lemurs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eulemur collaris</Emphasis>)

Animals show specific morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to diurnal or nocturnal activity. Cathemeral species, i.e. animals with activities distributed over the 24-h period, have to compromise between these specific adaptations. The driving evolutionary forces and the proximate costs and benefits of cathemerality are still poorly understood. Our goal was to evaluate the role of predator avoidance, food availability and diet quality in shaping cathemeral activity of arboreal mammals using a lemur species as an example. For this, two groups of collared lemurs, Eulemur collaris, were studied for 14 months in the littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. Data on feeding behaviour were collected during all-day and all-night follows by direct observation. A phenological transect containing 78 plant species was established and monitored every 2 weeks to evaluate food availability during the study period. Characteristics of food items and animal nutritional intake were determined via biochemical analyses. The ratio of diurnal to nocturnal feeding was used as response variable in the analyses. The effects of abiotic environmental variables were removed statistically before the analyses of the biotic variables. We found that diurnal feeding lasted longer during the hot–wet season (December–February), whereas nocturnal feeding peaked during the hot–dry and cool–wet seasons (March–August). Although the lemurs foraged mostly in lower forest strata during daylight and used emergent trees preferably at night, the variables which measured animal exposure to birds of prey failed to predict the variation of the ratio of diurnal/nocturnal feeding. Ripe fruit availability and fiber intake are the two variables which best predicted the annual variation of the lemur diurnality. The data indicate that feeding over the whole 24-h cycle is advantageous during lean periods when animals have a fibre-rich, low-quality diet.     

吸附—催化氧化—絮凝法联合处理造纸废水

采用吸附－催化氧化－絮凝法联合处理造纸废水，讨论了废水通过炉渣柱的滤速，在絮凝过程中Al2(SO4)3的加入量及催化氧化反应中溶液的pH值，铁屑的加入量，H2O2的加入量等主要因素对废水中COD去除率的影响，结果表明，COD，SS主要污染物去除率达97．0％和95．3％，各项指标超过一级排放标准，水质可以完全回收利用，为造纸废水的处理提供了新的技术方案。     

Ce3+在土壤中的扩散

通过^141Ce^3 同位素示踪法，研究了不同温度（19℃，30℃，40℃）和土壤饱和含水量（25％，37％，50％）条件下Ce^3 在四种土壤中的扩散。通过Fick第二定律推导的扩散系数计算公式，求得Ce^3 在不同条件下不同土壤中的扩散系数，结果表明：Ce^3 在土壤中的扩散系数因土壤类型、温度、土壤水分含量的不同而存在明显的差异。Ce^3 在四种土壤中的扩散系数与温度呈正比，随温度的升高（19℃→40℃），扩散系数逐渐增大；土壤水分含量在一定数量下（小于饱和土壤含水量），扩散系数与土壤水分含量呈明显相关；在相同条件下，Ce^3 在四种土壤中扩散系数的大小顺序为：马肝土＞黄土＞潮土＞黑土。     

单甲脒在大鼠体内的吸收,代谢和排出的研究

大鼠经口灌喂单甲脒后，通过测定实验动物不同时间的血、尿及内脏中单甲脒和代谢产物２，４－二甲基苯胺的含量，研究了单甲脒在大鼠体内的呼收、代谢和排出的变化规律。单甲脒经消化道被迅速吸收，４８ｈ内９０％在肝脏代谢转化。７２ｈ内９０％以代谢产物的形式随尿液排出体外。