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461.
Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: media effect on phytotoxicity 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Understanding some adverse effects of nanoparticles in edible crop plants is a matter of importance because nanoparticles are often released into soil environments. We investigated the phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the important crop plants, Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor. The silver nanoparticles were selected for this study because of their OECD designation as a priority nanomaterial. The toxicity and bioavailability of AgNPs in the crop plant species P. radiatus and S. bicolor were evaluated in both agar and soil media. The seedling growth of test species was adversely affected by exposure to AgNPs. We found evidence of nanoparticle uptake by plants using electron microscopic studies. In the agar tests, P. radiatus and S. bicolor showed a concentration dependent-growth inhibition effect. Measurements of the growth rate of P. radiatus were not affected in the soil studies by impediment within the concentrations tested herein. Bioavailability of nanoparticles was reduced in the soil, and the dissolved silver ion effect also differed in the soil as compared to the agar. The properties of nanoparticles have been shown to change in soil, so this phenomenon has been attributed to the reduced toxicity of AgNPs to plants in soil medium. The application of nanoparticles in soil is a matter of great importance to elucidate the terrestrial toxicity of nanoparticles. 相似文献
462.
463.
陈垃圾反应床+芦苇人工湿地处理垃圾渗滤液 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
研究了陈垃圾反应床与芦苇人工湿地串联对垃圾渗滤液中污染物的去除效果, 并探讨了湿地中芦苇生长和对渗滤液中总氮的吸收能力。结果表明: 在进水负荷为0.1 m3/(m2·d)的条件下,经过3个月的运行,陈垃圾反应床与芦苇人工湿地对陈年渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总氮及总磷的最大去除率分别达到90.3%、95.0%、79.3%和99.8%。通过对人工湿地中芦苇的分析表明,芦苇在6—8月份生长迅速,地上部分生物量与其氮含量增加较快,最大值均出现在8月底,植株总含氮量可以达到28.5 g/m2。此时收割芦苇可从湿地中最大限度除氮。如能增加芦苇种植密度,陈垃圾床与芦苇湿地串联处理渗滤液污染物以及深度去氮是可行的。 相似文献
464.
Effects of reed straw, zeolite, and superphosphate amendments on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from stored duck manure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang JZ Hu ZY Zhou XQ An ZZ Gao JF Liu XN Jiang LL Lu J Kang XM Li M Hao YB Kardol P 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(4):1221-1227
Stored poultry manure can be a significant source of ammonia (NH) and greenhouse gases (GHGs), including nitrous oxide (NO), methane (CH), and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions. Amendments can be used to modify physiochemical properties of manure, thus having the potential to reduce gas emissions. Here, we lab-tested the single and combined effects of addition of reed straw, zeolite, and superphosphate on gas emissions from stored duck manure. We showed that, over a period of 46 d, cumulative NH emissions were reduced by 61 to 70% with superphosphate additions, whereas cumulative NO emissions were increased by up to 23% compared with the control treatment. Reed straw addition reduced cumulative NH, NO, and CH emissions relative to the control by 12, 27, and 47%, respectively, and zeolite addition reduced cumulative NH and NO emissions by 36 and 20%, respectively. Total GHG emissions (as CO-equivalents) were reduced by up to 27% with the additions of reed straw and/or zeolite. Our results indicate that reed straw or zeolite can be recommended as amendments to reduce GHG emissions from duck manure; however, superphosphate is more effective in reducing NH emissions. 相似文献
465.
夏季局地环流对京津冀区域大气污染影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为研究局地环流对京津冀大气污染分布特征的影响,利用京津冀区域大气污染监测网7个站点的大气污染物浓度观测资料,结合WRF数值模式对气象场的模拟结果,对区域夏季局地环流对大气污染浓度水平和空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,2010年6月局地环流发生时,京津冀大气中PM10的平均浓度可高达156.4μg/m3,而在强天气系统过境时仅为89.1μg/m3。京津冀受区域局地环流控制时,大气中可吸入颗粒物比强天气系统过境时高75%;海-陆风回流携带的高浓度污染物,导致海滨区域夜间大气中PM10平均浓度从46.2μg/m3上升到64.7μg/m3;山地-平原风导致京津冀大气本底区域河北兴隆臭氧浓度峰值较北京城区滞后3 h。京津冀近年来强天气过程比例逐渐下降,目前仅占月20%,而以山地-平原风和海-陆风叠加的局地环流气象条件占比增加,造成京津冀区域大气污染易聚难散。 相似文献
466.
467.
Xiao-Song He Bei-Dou Xi Xiang Li Hong-Wei Pan Da An Shuo-Guo Bai Dan Li Dong-Yu Cui 《Chemosphere》2013
The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index. 相似文献
468.
焦化项目大气污染特征及环境影响评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以甘肃省酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县某焦化项目为案例,在分析其工艺流程和排污环节的基础上,利用AERMOD模型定量预测评价该焦化项目对区域大气环境质量的影响程度。预测结果表明:SO2,NO2,NH3,H2S的区域最大地面小时质量浓度占标率分别为15.8%,29.6%,16.8%,24.8%;SO2、NO2、苯并[a]芘、固体悬浮物(TSP)的区域最大日均质量浓度占标率分别为7.5%,11.4%,7.2%,95.8%;TSP最大日均质量浓度坐标点为(500,0),位于厂界内部,高浓度是由焦化厂低矮面源造成的,且浓度随距离消减得较快。 相似文献
469.
Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for discrimination between char- and soot-EC 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Many optical, thermal and chemical methods exist for the measurement of elemental carbon (EC) but are unable or neglect to differentiate between the different forms of EC such as char- or soot-EC. The thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method applies different temperatures for measuring EC and organic carbon (OC) contents through programmed, progressive heating in a controlled atmosphere, making available eight separate carbon fractions - four OC, one pyrolyzed organic carbon, and three EC. These fractions were defined by temperature protocol, oxidation atmosphere, and laser-light reflectance/transmittance. Stepwise thermal evolutional oxidation of the TOR method makes it possible to distinguish char- from soot-EC. In this study, different EC reference materials, including char and soot, were used for testing it. The thermograms of EC reference materials showed that activation energy is lower for char- than soot-EC. Low-temperature EC1 (550 degrees C in a 98% He/2% O2 atmosphere) is more abundant for char samples. Diesel and n-hexane soot samples exhibit similar EC2 (700 degrees C in a 98% He/2% O2 atmosphere) peaks, while carbon black samples peaks at both EC2 and EC3 (800 degrees C in a 98% He/2% O2 atmosphere). These results supported the use of the TOR method to discriminate between char- and soot-EC. 相似文献
470.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The concentrations of chemicals in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may relate to their levels of use and environmental pollution in the region. In this work, sludge samples were collected from 31 WWTPs in 26 cities in China and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations of SigmaPBDE (sum of congeners 17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) ranged from 6.2 to 57ng/g (dw). The concentration of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 1109ng/g (dw) (with a median of 27ng/g (dw)), and averaged 55% (median 69%) of the total PBDEs. These levels are about 10-100 times lower than those found in Europe and North America. PBDE levels in sludge were not found to depend on the location and capacity of the WWTPs. Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and its major degradation products, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) ranged from below detection limit to 167ng/g (dw), 11 to 1065ng/g (dw), and 7.5 to 319ng/g (dw), respectively. The major DDT degradation products were p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD. The major hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomer in sludge is beta-HCH, reflecting its higher affinity to solids and resistance to degradation than other isomers. 相似文献