厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸源谱特征分析

对厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸的可能来源,如烹调油烟、生物质燃烧颗粒、汽车尾气和土壤/路面扬尘等4种不同排放源,采用再悬浮混合箱得到PM10样品.采用BF3/正丁醇衍生-GC/MS分析方法,测定了包括二元羧酸、脂肪酸和芳香酸共15种有机酸.结果表明,烹调油烟中有机酸的含量远高于其它颗粒物,最高可达53%,其中亚油酸和油酸的含量最高,为24%±14%;而汽车尾气颗粒物中乙二酸的含量最高,其次为邻苯二甲酸Ph;汽油燃烧颗粒物中己二酸与壬二酸的比值显著高于其它样品,可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的人为和生物来源的定性判断.除发电机排放样品外,其它样品中丙二酸与丁二酸的比值(0.07～0.44)远低于环境样品中该比值范围(0.61～3.93),表明丙二酸与丁二酸的比值可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的一次/二次来源的定性判断.     

活性碳纤维的应用

本文在比较活性碳纤维与活性碳的结构和吸附特点的基础上,综述了这种吸附材料在废水处理,饮用水净化,空气净化,溶剂回收等各个领域的应用。     

Estimating the Microbial Risk of E. coli in Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation on Paddy Field

Microbial risk was quantified to assess human health risk as a result of exposure to E. coli in reclaimed wastewater irrigation. Monitoring data on E. coli were collected from pond water in paddy rice plots during the growing season. Five treatments were used and each was triplicated to evaluate the changes in E. coli concentrations in experiments performed in 2003 and 2004. The Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion among farmers and neighboring children. A Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 trials) was conducted to estimate the risk associated with uncertainty. In this study, risk values ranged from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁸. UV-disinfected irrigation water showed a lower risk value than others, and its level was within the range of the actual paddy rice field with surface water. Agricultural activity was thought to be safer after 1–2 days, when the paddy field was irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Also, children were found to have a greater risk of infection with E. coli. This paper should be viewed as a first step in the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater reuse in paddy rice culture.     

沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺参数优化研究

简述了沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺(ZCS工艺)的工艺原理,选取了影响沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺污水处理效果的影响因素,通过正交实验,优化了工艺的运行参数.在优化结果为泥龄(SRT)40 d、沸石投加量16.8 g/L、外回流比(R)1、内回流比(r)1、A池碳源投加比(m)0、吸附池溶解氧(DO吸)1 mh/L和O池溶解氧(DOO)2 mg/L的条件下稳定运行后,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中一级B标准的要求.     

Characterizations of volatile organic compounds during high ozone episodes in Beijing,China

Air samples were collected in Beijing from June through August 2008, and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in those samples are here discussed. This sampling was performed to increase understanding of the distributions of their compositions, illustrate the overall characteristics of different classes of VOCs, assess the ages of air masses, and apportion sources of VOCs using principal compound analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS). During the sampling periods, the relative abundance of the four classes of VOCs as determined by the concentration-based method was different from that determined by the reactivity approach. Alkanes were found to be most abundant (44.3–50.1%) by the concentration-based method, but aromatic compounds were most abundant (38.2–44.5%) by the reactivity approach. Aromatics and alkenes contributed most (73–84%) to the ozone formation potential. Toluene was the most abundant compound (11.8–12.7%) during every sampling period. When the maximum incremental reactivity approach was used, propene, toluene, m,p-xylene, 1-butene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were the five most abundant compounds during two sampling periods. X/B, T/B, and E/B ratios in this study were lower than those found in other cities, possibly due to the aging of the air mass at this site. Four components were extracted from application of PCA to the data. It was found that the contribution of vehicle exhaust to total VOCs accounted for 53% of VOCs, while emissions due to the solvent use contributed 33% of the total VOCs. Industrial sources contributed 3% and biogenic sources contributed 11%. The results showed that vehicle exhausts (i.e., unburned vehicle emissions + vehicle internal engine combustion) were dominant in VOC emissions during the experimental period. The solvent use made the second most significant contribution to ambient VOCs.     

城市交通干道绿地砷污染评价

为了研究城市砷污染的现状及不同区域砷污染的空间差异性,以吉林市表层土壤为研究对象,在交通干道的绿化带和磨盘山保护区采集35个土壤样本,进行pH、有机质及砷含量的测定。采用单项污染指数、污染累计指数法等对土壤砷污染进行评价,并运用方差分析的方法对不同区域的砷污染进行了差异比较。研究表明:吉林市街道砷含量为26.43 mg/kg,为磨盘山自然土壤砷含量的4.08倍,为吉林市砷土壤背景值7.26倍;吉林市砷总体超标率12.9%。江北工业区、吉林大街和解放大路的单项污染指数分别为1.34、0.95、0.87,整体达到轻微污染水平。江北工业区和吉林大街、解放大路的变异系数相差不大,依次为0.13、0.11、0.17。土壤砷的污染累积指数为3.21,且由北向南递减,因此,砷污染主要来自于江北工业区的工业"三废"污染。     

Conventional, microwave, and ultrasound sequential extractions for the fractionation of metals in sediments within the Petrochemical Industry, Serbia

In this paper, the main objective was fractionation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, and K in certificate material and sediment samples gathered from and around the Petrochemical Industry using the conventional, microwave and ultrasonic sequential extraction. Microwave oven and ultrasound bath were used as an energy source for achieving faster extraction. Additional heating and boiling of samples were avoided by using lower power and shorter time for microwave and ultrasound extraction. Precision and accuracy of procedure were evaluated by using certificate material (BCR701). Acceptable accuracy of metals (87.0–111.3 %) was achieved for all three-step sequential of conventional extraction protocol. An accuracy of the fourth step has been verified with two certificate materials: BCR143R and 146R. The range of total extracted metal concentrations from sediments was similar for all three extraction techniques. A significant high percentage of Cd, Cu, and Zn were obtained after extraction of the exchangeable and acid soluble sediment fraction. Principal component analysis of values obtained after determination of risk assessment code using conventional and ultrasound sequential extraction show similarity of these values. Accuracy, recovery, and risk assessment code values imply that ultrasound sequential extraction is a more suitable, accelerated sequential extraction procedure (30 min per extraction step) than microwave extraction in applied conditions.     

炼油污水处理装置恶臭气体源强估算方法的比较

以某炼油污水处理装置为例,根据其运行现状及恶臭气体的监测结果,使用卫生防护距离反推法、源强经验估算法以及地面浓度反推法3种方法对恶臭气体源强进行估算,并利用AERMOD模式进行预测,对预测值与监测值进行方差分析。实验结果表明：在监测得到的NH₃和H₂S的平均质量浓度分别为0.113,0.006 mg/m³的条件下,卫生防护距离反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的无组织排放源强分别为2.395,0.127 kg/h。源强经验估算法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为0.255,0.080 kg/h,地面浓度反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为3.120,0.250 kg/h;源强经验估算法为炼油污水处理装置气体源强估算的最优方法。     

Macroalgae mitigation potential for fish aquaculture effluents: an approach coupling nitrogen uptake and metabolic pathways using Ulva rigida and Enteromorpha clathrata

Aquaculture effluents are rich in nitrogen compounds that may enhance local primary productivity, leading to the development of algae blooms. The goal of this study was to assess the potential use of naturally occurring green macroalgae (Ulva and Enteromorpha) as bioremediators for nitrogen-rich effluents from a fish aquaculture plant, by evaluating their respective uptake dynamics under controlled conditions. Ulva and Enteromorpha were incubated separately in aquaculture effluent from a local pilot station. Algae tissue and water samples were collected periodically along 4 h. For each sample, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia concentrations were quantified in the effluent, while internal algae reserve pools and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were determined within the algae tissues. Both macroalgae absorbed all dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds in less than 1 h, favoring ammonia over nitrate. Ulva stored nitrate temporarily as an internal reserve and only used it after ammonia availability decreased, whereas Enteromorpha stored and metabolized ammonia and nitrate simultaneously. These distinct dynamics of ammonia and nitrate uptake supported an increase in NRA during the experiment. This study supports the hypothesis that Ulva or Enteromorpha can be used as bioremediators in aquaculture effluents to mitigate excess of dissolved inorganic nitrogen.