钢渣应用于土壤修复的研究进展

钢渣是钢铁行业制造生产中的副产物,大量未经处理的钢渣废弃堆积,不仅严重浪费资源还占据大量的土地资源,对周边土壤和环境造成污染,甚至对人类生产和生活产生极大威胁。目前我国钢铁行业钢渣产量快速增加,但钢渣综合利用率仅20%左右,而钢渣应用于土壤修复是固体废物处置与生态建设相结合的重要方向之一。在总结钢渣资源物理化学特性的基础上,概括了钢渣应用于土壤修复的基本原理和国内外研究现状。系统分析了钢渣作为土壤改良剂、土壤肥料及土壤重金属钝化剂的主要作用：钢渣作为土壤改良剂不仅可以改良酸化土壤还可以有效减轻温室气体的排放;作为土壤肥料可以为土壤提供微量元素和养分;作为土壤重金属钝化剂可以降低土壤中重金属含量。指出钢渣应用于土壤修复的潜力,同时也探讨了钢渣应用于农业土壤中所产生的环境影响并进行了风险评估,对钢渣应用于土壤修复未来的研究方向进行了展望。

     

Combined ultrasound with Fenton treatment for the degradation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in textile dying sludge

To develop an effective method to remove the toxic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CPAHs) from textile dyeing sludge, five CPAHs were selected to investigate the degradation efficiencies using ultrasound combined with Fenton process (US/Fenton). The results showed that the synergistic effect of the US/Fenton process on the degradation of CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge was significant with the synergy degree of 30.4. During the US/Fenton process, low ultrasonic density showed significant advantage in degrading the CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge. Key reaction parameters on CPAHs degradation were optimized by the central composite design as followed: H₂O₂ concentration of 152 mmol/L, ultrasonic density of 408 W/L, pH value of 3.7, the molar ratio of H₂O₂ to Fe²⁺ of 1.3 and reaction time of 43 min. Under the optimal conditions of the US/Fenton process, the degradation efficiencies of five CPAHs were obtained as 81.23% (benzo[a]pyrene) to 84.98% (benz[a]anthracene), and the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) concentrations of five CPAHs declined by 81.22–85.19%, which indicated the high potency of US/Fenton process for removing toxic CPAHs from textile dyeing sludge.     

Quantifying the burden of managing wildlife diseases in multiple host species

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.     

一种基于代表性样点的钉螺密度抽样调查设计方法

抽样设计是钉螺调查的关键环节，直接影响到统计推断的总体精度。目前湖沼型血吸虫病流行区钉螺调查常用的系统抽样设计方法存在样本量大、代表性不强、抽样效率不高等问题。通过对与钉螺空间分布上具有协同变化的环境因子进行模糊聚类分析，寻找可代表钉螺空间分布的代表性样点，提出一种基于代表性样点的抽样设计方法。将本研究设计的方法应用于鄱阳湖区恒湖农场茶叶港草洲的钉螺抽样设计研究，对采集的代表性样点进行误差分析，并将抽样结果与简单随机抽样和系统抽样方法进行精度比较。结果显示：本研究提出的“基于代表性样点的钉螺抽样设计方法（SORS）”明显优于简单随机抽样和系统抽样，抽样绝对误差分别为：0.440 7、1.551 4、3.565 3，相对误差分别为：1.048 1、3.689 7、8.479 6。本研究表明新方法能够获得比现有血防部门的钉螺调查方法更高的估算精度，可为优化湖沼型血吸虫病流行区钉螺调查方法提供借鉴。 关键词： 模糊聚类；抽样设计；代表性样点；钉螺     

放射性废液桶内干燥装置加热方式初步研究

针对放射性废液桶内干燥装置的研制,就装置的加热方式对目前加热结合桶内干燥装置的要求进行了对比筛选,初步选择微波和热风组合加热方式,在此基础上对微波和热风加热方式进行了试验验证。结果表明,虽然热风加热耗时太长,且微波加热存在盲区,但是两种加热方式干燥模拟废液的效果良好,能够相互补充,因此建议采用微波-热风组合加热方式进行深入研究。     

循环流化床干法脱硫除尘一体化工艺同时脱硝应用研究

目前,由于人类生产生活造成大气污染物日益增长,使国际上对大气污染物中放的控制研究成为热点,本文通过理论计算及工程实例说明了循环流化床干法烟气脱硫除尘一体化工艺同时脱硫脱硝可有效地对电厂大气污染物进行治理。     

环境监测实验室信息管理系统的构建研究——以上海纺织节能环保中心为例

实验室信息管理系统（LIMS）是集样品管理、资源管理、事务管理、网络管理、数据管理（采集、传输、处理、输出、发布）、报告管理等诸多模块为一体,形成了一套完整的信息化实验室综合管理和产品质量监控体系。本文简述了建设环境监测实验室信息管理系统（LIMS）的意义,着重介绍了LIMS系统的功能模块,对LIMS项目建设的几个关键阶段进行了分析,并谈到了实施LIMS项目的体会,可为需开展LIMS系统建设的实验室提供借鉴。