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621.
In Acromyrmex octospinosus leaf-cutting ants the metapleural glands produce an array of antibiotic compounds that serve as a general defence against unwanted microbes on the cuticle. Leaf-cutting ants also grow mutualistic Pseudonocardiaceae bacteria on their cuticle that produce antibiotics controlling a microfungal parasite of their fungus gardens. Interaction between this bacterium and gland secretion therefore seems unavoidable. We document the typical development of bacterial growth on the cuticle of young major workers, show that growth starts a few days after eclosion, and that the maximal cover is reached after 2–3 weeks and gradually declines when workers mature. Experimental closure of the metapleural glands had no effect on the initial exponential growth phase of the bacterium, but significantly reduced the cover during the decline phase. The age-dependent abundance of the bacterium and its partial dependence on metapleural gland secretion support the hypothesis that the abundance of this mutualist is actively regulated. 相似文献
622.
623.
The influence of source and timing of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of four sweet potato cultivars 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. O. Ankumah V. Khan K. Mwamba K. Kpomblekou-A 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):201
Nitrogen (N) availability is a very important determinant of crop yield. It is also one of the most expensive inputs in crop production. Thus, the efficient management of N by farmers with limited resource is a very important part of successful soil and crop management system. A field study was conducted on a Norfolk sandy loam soil at the George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee, AL, to evaluate the influence of fertilizer source and timing on the yield of four sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] cultivars. Two N sources (urea, CO(NH2)2 and ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3), four sweet potato cultivars (‘Georgia Jet’, GA-Jet; ‘TU-82-155’, TU-155; ‘TU-1892’; and ‘Rojo Blanco’, Rojo-Bl) and three times (zero, single, and split applications) were used in a factorial designed experiment. Plants were harvested after 80 and 120 days and total and marketable yields determined. Nitrogen recovery efficiency, yield efficiency and physiological efficiency were also determined. Total and marketable yields of early maturing cultivars were significantly higher than of late maturing cultivars (P<0.05). The single application of N resulted in significantly higher yield in storage roots than split application (P<0.05). Physiological efficiency values were highly correlated with total marketable yields. Recovery rates increased with time. Late maturing cultivars tended to have higher N recovery and physiological efficiency than early maturing cultivars. These results suggest that cultivar maturity group should play an important part in N fertilization recommendations for sweet potato. 相似文献
624.
R Burt M.A WilsonT.J Keck B.D Dougherty D.E StromJ.A Lindahl 《Advances in Environmental Research》2003,8(1):51-67
Long-term copper smelting in the Anaconda and Deer Lodge Valley area of Montana has resulted in an extensive area of trace element contamination. Aerial extent of contamination is generally established, but total analysis of soils does not correlate to relative degree of impact on vegetation growth. Three pedons (Beaverell, Cetrack and Judco) were analyzed by routine soil characterization methods, aqua regia microwave digestion, sequential chemical extraction, and X-ray diffraction analysis with the objective of providing a better understanding of chemical forms and potential reactivity of selected trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb). Surface horizons of soils are more acidic than subsoils, with pH for all horizons ranging from 4.0 to 8.7. Beaverell is the most contaminated in the upper 20 cm with the sum of total extractable (SUMTE) trace elements by microwave digestion ranging from 1836 to 3605 mg kg−1, largest H2O-soluble (WS) and exchangeable (EX) fractions (e.g. 1.6 and 9.3%, respectively), and smallest residual (RES) fraction (e.g. 14.3%). Cetrack has greater SUMTE elements than Judco, though a lower WS+EX fraction due to the effects of alkaline pH, carbonates and high P. Oxide (OX), organic matter/sulfide (OM/S), and RES fractions predominate over WS, EX, and specially-sorbed/carbonate-bound fractions (SS/CAR) for all horizons. Copper, Zn, Pb and Cd are elevated in surface over subsurface horizons in these latter fractions, indicating these elements were anthropogenic additions. X-ray data indicate that Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd partially exists as both OX and sulfide mineral forms. 相似文献
625.
在印度洋中部查戈斯礁群的大多数珊瑚死亡之后3年,对30m水深以浅珊瑚的侵蚀和恢复情况进行了研究.北部环礁15m水深以浅、中部和南部环礁>35m处的珊瑚差不多全部死亡.由于密集珊瑚丛的损失,一些礁体"表面"下降了1 5m.珊瑚的生物侵蚀情况严重,减少了三维礁体"结构"并形成松散的碎石.幼年珊瑚数量众多,尽管大部分是在侵蚀的或不稳定的基底上,并且稳定种较少.在15m的深度,礁体间鱼类丰度和多样性仍旧较高;依赖于珊瑚生存的物种减少,而一些食草动物和食碎屑动物则增加.一个新的海面温度(SST)数据集表明,平均SST自1950年以来升高了0.65℃.造成查戈斯珊瑚礁死亡的临界SST是29.9℃. 相似文献
626.
采用基于 16SrDNA序列分析方法 ,在长度多态 (LPM)和 16SrDNA的GC含量二维水平分析了受重金属污染的活性污泥系统内细菌的优势种类和多样性 .设计的PCR引物可以将细菌分为三大类 :即 1)proteobacterialα&δ(变形杆菌α&δ) ,2 )pro teobacterialβ&γ(变形杆菌 β&γ) ,以及 3)flexibacter(屈桡杆菌 )和革兰氏阳性菌 .分析了未受重金属驯化和受重金属驯化的两类活性污泥系统在重金属作用下优势种和多样性的变化 ,结果显示未驯化的活性污泥系统多样性减少但优势种的变化微小 ,而驯化系统优势种有较大的变化 ,但多样性基本不变 .这一结果证实驯化有助于提高微生物对重金属的抗性 相似文献
627.
Geng Jinju Wang Qiang Niu Xiaojun Wang Xiaorong 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(1):120-124
Effects of pH, temperature, and oxygen on the production and release of phosphine in eutrophic lake sediments were investigated
under laboratory tests. Results indicated that the elimination of matrix-bound phosphine was accelerated under initial pH
1 or 12. Phosphine levels could reach maximum under initial pH 10. The contents of phosphine increased with the addition of
alkali under pH 4–12. The rates of phosphine production and release from lake sediments varied with temperature. 20°C was
the most favorable temperature for the production of matrix-bound phosphine. Oxygen showed little effect on matrix-bound phosphine.
Matrix-bound phosphine concentrations in lake sediments were concluded to be dependent on a balance of natural generation
and depletion processes.
Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(5): 681–685 [译自: 环境科学学报] 相似文献
628.
In this study, the two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system and batch experiments were employed to evaluate
the performance of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of high concentration methanol wastewater. The acid resistance of
granular sludge and methanogenic bacteria and their metabolizing activity were investigated. The results show that the pH
of the first UASB changed from 4.9 to 5.8 and 5.5 to 6.2 for the second reactor. Apparently, these were not the advisable
pH levels that common methanogenic bacteria could accept. The methanogenic bacteria of the system, viz. Methanosarcina barkeri,
had some acid resistance and could still degrade methanol at pH 5.0. If the methanogenic bacteria were trained further, their
acid resistance would be improved somewhat. Granular sludge of the system could protect the methanogenic bacteria within its
body against the impact of the acidic environment and make them degrade methanol at pH 4.5. The performance of granular sludge
was attributed to its structure, bacteria species, and the distribution of bacterium inside the granule.
Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 633–636 [译自: 环境科学学报] 相似文献
629.
R.H. Field S. Benke K. Bdonyi R.B. Bradbury 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):399-404
Bird use of conservation tillage-established (CT—seedbed preparation without soil inversion) crops was assessed at two adjacent sites in western Hungary, in comparison with conventionally established (mouldboard ploughed—P) fields. Bird abundance was assessed in a typical rotation of spring-sown maize and winter wheat in three consecutive winters. In the first winter, several species and the guild of seed-eating passerines were significantly more abundant on CT established plots, in both crop types. In the second winter, only starlings were more abundant on CT plots. In the third winter, only skylarks favoured CT over P plots. In combination with agri-environment scheme measures designed to provide resources for biodiversity, conservation tillage could play a role in softening the impact of agriculture on farmland birds in Hungary and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, in addition to its potential for reducing soil erosion and diffuse pollution. 相似文献
630.
Spatial distribution of ecological security status assessment of West-Liaohe River based on geographic information system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eco-security assessment is a hot research area in resource and environmental science, which involves data with much spatial,
non-linear, and random features. Geographic information system (GIS), as a useful tool to analyze and manage spatial information,
has a superior advantage in this field. A case study in the western part of the Liaohe River featuring a method of eco-security
spatial differences (ESSD) based on GIS is developed in this paper. The method includes four steps: 1) developing the pressure-state-response
(P-S-R) framework with site data; 2) digitizing West-Liaohe River and setting its GRID database of ecosecurity assessment
indicators; 3) figuring out the relative membership degree (RMD) of eco-security indicators by using the analytical hierarchy
process with the weight of indicator; 4) classifying the security zone and mapping the assessment result of eco-security status
in grid by GIS method of assigning and clustering. The visual spatial differences of eco-security based on GIS enables decision
makers to know the status of eco-security better in making policies for achieving sustainability.
__________
Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(5): 28–33 [译自: 环境科学] 相似文献