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441.
Antonios Chrysargyris Omiros Antoniou Andreas Tzionis Munoo Prasad Nikolaos Tzortzakis 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(36):35915-35927
Peat-based growing media are not ecologically sustainable and peat extraction threatens sensitive peatland ecosystem. In this study, olive-stone waste (OSW) and paper waste (PW) were used in different ratios—as growing media—for ornamental crop production, as peat (P) substitutes. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), petunia (Petunia x hybrita L.) and matthiola (Matthiola incana L.) plants were grown in (1) P (100%), (2) P:OSW (90%:10%), (3) P:OSW (70%:30%), and (4) P:OSW:PW (60%:20%:20%). The physicochemical properties of these substrates and the effects on plant growth were determined. The addition of 10–30% OSW into the substrate increased marigold height compared to plants grown in 100% peat. No differences in plant size, plant biomass (leaves and flowers), and dry matter content were found. Adding PW, in combination with OSW, maintained marigold height and total number of flowers produced to similar levels as in plants grown in 100% peat. In matthiola, adding 30% OSW into the substrate reduced plant size and fresh weight, but not plant height. No differences were observed when plants grew in lower OSW (i.e., 10%) content. Petunia’s height, its total number of flowers and flower earliness (flower opening) were increased in the presence of OSW compared to the plants grown in 100% peat. The addition of OSW did not affect petunia’s size and fresh weight among treatments. The addition of PW suppressed several plant growth-related parameters for both matthiola and petunia. The insertion of OSW did not change leaf chlorophyll content whereas the presence of PW decreased chlorophylls for marigold, petunia, and matthiola. Both OSW and PW altered the content of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) in leaves and flowers for marigold and petunia. Both 30% OSW and PW increased antioxidative enzyme metabolism due to the increased damage index and lipid peroxidation observed in plants. Leaf N and P content decreased in PW-based media, while matthiola displayed visual phytotoxicity symptoms when PW was added into the substrate. The present work indicates that up to 30% of OSW can replace peat for marigold and petunia growing and only up to 10% of OSW for matthiola, while the addition of PW on top of OSW is not recommended, so further research is needed. 相似文献
442.
Fabian Knappich Martin Schlummer Andreas Mäurer Harald Prestel 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1541-1552
Galvanized or “chromium-plated” plastics are well known to the consumer from the automotive sector and sanitary area. Polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) are typically coated with a layer system of chromium, nickel and copper to obtain the characteristic optical surface and resistance properties. Due to the complex manufacturing process and high quality requirements, the production of these plastic metal composites generates 10–30% of rejects. We, therefore, developed an innovative process cascade for the recovery of both components (metal and polymer) applying established technologies (mechanical pre-treatment, classification, melt filtration, CreaSolv® Process) and were able to obtain ABS regranulate having excellent properties regarding the characteristic values for strength but slight compromises in impact characteristics. Blends with different amounts of virgin ABS, virgin PC and recycled ABS material as well as the pure cases were successfully re-metallized, all of them passing adhesion test, thermal shock resistance and CASS test. The high purity of the recovered materials led to increased redemption prices for metal and polymer by a factor of 6 and 2.5, respectively. Thus, the value added of metallized plastic waste is maximized, revealing a highly positive economic prognosis of a commercial implementation of the developed process—even at moderate scale. 相似文献
443.
Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen Magnus Lund Stine Højlund Pedersen Niels Martin Schmidt Stephen Klosterman Jakob Abermann Birger Ulf Hansen 《Ambio》2017,46(1):39-52
Climate-induced changes in vegetation phenology at northern latitudes are still poorly understood. Continued monitoring and research are therefore needed to improve the understanding of abiotic drivers. Here we used 14 years of time lapse imagery and climate data from high-Arctic Northeast Greenland to assess the seasonal response of a dwarf shrub heath, grassland, and fen, to inter-annual variation in snow-cover, soil moisture, and air and soil temperatures. A late snow melt and start of growing season is counterbalanced by a fast greenup and a tendency to higher peak greenness values. Snow water equivalents and soil moisture explained up to 77 % of growing season duration and senescence phase, highlighting that water availability is a prominent driver in the heath site, rather than temperatures. We found a significant advance in the start of spring by 10 days and in the end of fall by 11 days, resulting in an unchanged growing season length. Vegetation greenness, derived from the imagery, was correlated to primary productivity, showing that the imagery holds valuable information on vegetation productivity. 相似文献
444.
Katrina Mullan Andreas Kontoleon Timothy M. Swanson Shiqiu Zhang 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):513-525
In this study, we estimated the impact on local household livelihoods of the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), which
is the largest logging-ban program in the world, which aims to protect watersheds and conserve natural forests. In doing so,
we used a series of microeconometric policy-evaluation techniques to assess the impacts of the NFPP on two interrelated facets
of household livelihoods: income and off-farm labor supply. We found that the NFPP has had a negative impact on incomes from
timber harvesting but has actually had a positive impact on total household incomes from all sources. Furthermore, we found
that off-farm labor supply outside the village has increased more rapidly in NFPP than in non-NFPP areas. Based on these results,
policy implications for household livelihoods were drawn and are presented herein. 相似文献
445.
Andreas Thiel 《Environmental management》2010,46(1):44-59
Water management has been significantly reshaped throughout recent decades in Europe and worldwide. Vivid examples of this
restructuring include Southern European coastal zones which have been transformed into the European “pleasure periphery” over
the last 40 years, requiring significant changes in water service provision. Taking it as an illustrative case of the Southern
European coastal freshwater crisis and the way different European Member States have dealt with it, the article provides an
account of the Algarve, indicative of typical Portuguese dynamics, and compares it with developments in other European countries.
Expanding demands on water services in this region led to a crisis situation throughout the nineties, which was resolved by
shifting physical infrastructures and competencies to the supra-local level. The re-scaling of water management was instrumental
to expanding national control over the sector at the expense of local authorities and privatization. The national level used
European funds and regulations to re-configure the institutional and infrastructure set-up in order to provide for tourism
and agricultural expansion. Quality tourism was constructed as a decentral, hegemonic state spatial project, with the Algarvian’s
entire water resource base being put at its disposal. The solution found illustrates a modified version of the supply side
and surface water oriented “hydraulic paradigm” in Portugal: geared towards tourism and urban areas and the maintenance of
irrigation agriculture. Delays in infrastructures, ideological preferences, maintaining national control over strategic water
services and territoriality contributed towards the construction of water services as part of this hegemonic state spatial
strategy for tourism expansion. 相似文献
446.
Radon-222 exhalation from the ground surface depends upon a number of variables such as the 226Ra activity concentration and its distribution in soil grains; soil grain size; soil porosity, temperature and moisture; atmospheric pressure, rainfall and temperature. In this study, 222Rn exhalation flux density measurements within and around the Ranger uranium mine in northern Australia were performed to investigate the effect of these variables within a tropical region. Measurements were taken at the waste rock dumps, ore stockpiles, mine pits, and at sites where effluent water with elevated 226Ra concentration has been spray irrigated over land, as well as at sites outside the mine. The sites selected represented a variety of geomorphic regions ranging from uranium-bearing rocks to ambient soils. Generally, wet season rains reduced 222Rn exhalation but at a few sites the onset of rains caused a step rise in exhalation flux densities. The results show that parameters such as 226Ra activity concentration, soil grain size and soil porosity have a marked effect on 222Rn flux densities. For similar geomorphic sites, 226Ra activity concentration is a dominant factor, but soil grain size and porosity also influence 222Rn exhalation. Surfaces with vegetation showed higher exhalation flux densities than their barren counterparts, perhaps because the associated root structure increases soil porosity and moisture retention. Repeated measurements over one year at eight sites enabled an analysis of precipitation and soil moisture effects on 222Rn exhalation. Soil moisture depth profiles varied both between seasons and at different times during the wet season, indicating that factors such as duration, intensity and time between precipitation events can influence 222Rn flux densities considerably. 相似文献
447.
Andreas Klumpp Wolfgang Ansel Gabriele Klumpp Jörn Breuer Philippe Vergne María José Sanz Stine Rasmussen Helge Ro-Poulsen Àngela Ribas Artola Josep Peñuelas Shang He Jean Pierre Garrec Vicent Calatayud 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(2):329-339
Within a European biomonitoring programme, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was employed as accumulative bioindicator of airborne trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) in urban agglomerations. Applying a highly standardised method, grass cultures were exposed for consecutive periods of four weeks each to ambient air at up to 100 sites in 11 cities during 2000–2002. Results of the 2001 exposure experiments revealed a clear differentiation of trace element pollution within and among local monitoring networks. Pollution was influenced particularly by traffic emissions. Especially Sb, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Cu exhibited a very uneven distribution within the municipal areas with strong accumulation in plants from traffic-exposed sites in the city centres and close to major roads, and moderate to low levels in plants exposed at suburban or rural sites. Accumulation of Ni and V was influenced by other emission sources. The biomonitoring sites located in Spanish city centres featured a much higher pollution load by trace elements than those in other cities of the network, confirming previously reported findings obtained by chemical analyses of dust deposition and aerosols. At some heavily-trafficked sites, legal thresholds for Cu, Pb, and V contents in foodstuff and animal feed were reached or even surpassed. The study confirmed that the standardised grass exposure is a useful and reliable tool to monitor and to assess environmental levels of potentially toxic compounds of particulate matter. 相似文献
448.
Tianfeng Chai Gregory R. Carmichael Youhua Tang Adrian Sandu Andreas Heckel Andreas Richter John P. Burrows 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(32):5046-5055
In this paper, the NOx emission scaling factors applied over the 2001 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) are estimated through a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) approach using SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) tropospheric NO2 columns measured during summer 2004. In the “top-down” approach, two-month average NO2 columns are assimilated into a regional chemical transport model (CTM), STEM, using different assimilation setups. In a basic setup, NOx emissions are adjusted by assimilating the NO2 columns. A more general setup of emission inversion allows the initial O3 concentrations be adjusted along with the NOx emissions. A final case is set up to assimilate both the NO2 columns and O3 measurement from various platforms while allowing adjustments of both the NOx emissions and the initial O3 concentrations. It is found that the addition of O3 measurements did not improve the NOx emission inversion. With the NOx emission at surface and upper levels being adjusted separately, results from four cases show that the elevated NOx emission reduction ranges from 8.9% to 11.4%, and the surface NOx emission reduction is up to 6.6%. All the cases show NOx emission reduction in Ohio valley and Washington, District of Columbia areas. 相似文献
449.
Daniela Wenger Andreas C. Gerecke Norbert V. Heeb Christoph Hueglin Cornelia Seiler Regula Haag Hanspeter Naegeli Renato Zenobi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(22-23):3556-3562
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is an air-suspended mixture of solid and liquid particles that vary in size, shape, and chemical composition. Long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of fine atmospheric particles is considered to pose a health threat to humans and animals. In this context, it has been hypothesized that toxic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role. Some PAHs are known to be carcinogenic and it has been shown that carcinogenic effects of PAHs are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In this study, PM1 was collected at a rural and an urban traffic site during an intense winter smog period, in which concentration of PM1 often exceeded 50 μg m?3. We applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify PM1-associated chemicals that induce AhR-mediated gene expression. This activity was expressed as CALUX equivalents of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (PM-TCDD-CEQs). In addition, concentrations of PAHs in the PM1 extracts were determined using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs ranged from 10 to 85 pg m?3 and from 19 to 87 pg m?3 at the urban and rural site, respectively. By the use of known relative potency factors, the measured concentration of a PAH was converted into a PAH-TCDD-CEQ concentration. ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ and PM-TCDD-CEQ were highly correlated at both sites (r2 = 0.90 and 0.69). The calculated ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQs explain between 2% and 20% of the measured PM-TCDD-CEQs. Benzo[k]fluoranthene was the most important PAH causing approximately 60% of the total ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ activity. In contrast to NO, CO, PM10, and PM1, the concentration of PM-TCDD-CEQs showed no significant difference between the two sites. No indications were found that road traffic emissions caused elevated concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs at the urban traffic site. 相似文献
450.