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71.
In this study, the acute toxicity of the organophosphorous pesticides dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos to two different species of Artemia (A. salina and A. parthenogenetica) was evaluated. In addition, the in vivo effect of these two pesticides on cholinesterase (ChE) activity of both A. salina and A. parthenogenetica was also determined. The characterisation of the ChE, using different substrates and specific inhibitors, and the normal range of activity in non-exposed individuals were previously investigated for both species. The results obtained indicate that the ChE of A. salina is different from that of A. parthenogenetica and that both enzymes cannot be classified neither as acetylcholinesterase nor as butyrylcholinesterase since they show intermediary characteristics between the two vertebrate forms. The range of normal ChE activity was 2.65+/-0.15 U/mg protein for A. salina, and 3.69+/-0.17 U/mg protein for A. parthenogenetica. Significant in vivo effects of both pesticides on Artemia ChE activity were found, at concentrations between 5.38 and 9.30 mg/l for dichlorvos and between 1.85 and 3.19 mg/l for chlorpyrifos. Both Artemia species are resistant to these pesticides and they are able to survive with more than 80% ChE inhibition. However, A. parthenogenetica is more resistant than A. salina, with about a 95% reduction in its ChE activity respect to the control for nauplii exposed to the median lethal concentrations (LC50), without lethal effects after 24 h of exposure. 相似文献
72.
The influence of temperature on the disappearance of four s-triazine herbicides, terbuthylazine, simazine, atrazine and prometryn was studied in sea, river and groundwaters spiked with approx. 5 mg l(-1) of each during long-term laboratory incubation. Residues were analyzed by GC-NPD and confirmed by GC-MSD. No clean-up was necessary and a micro on-line method for the determination of herbicide residues was used. The results showed that temperature had little effect on the behaviour of the four herbicides in river and seawaters but strongly affected their behaviour in groundwater. Simazine was the most readily affected compound in sea, river and groundwaters, while terbuthylazine and atrazine were the most persistent in all cases, especially in riverwater. Half-lives ranged from 41 days (constant rate = 0.017 days(-1)) to 196 days (constant rate = 0.003 days(-1)) for simazine (40 degrees C) and terbuthylazine (20 degrees C), respectively, in riverwater. Only for terbuthylazine in riverwater was the remaining percentage at the end of the experiment higher than 50% (58%, 3.21 mg l(-1)). In the other cases, the remaining percentage varied from 4% (0.20 mg l(-1), 40 degrees C) to 43% (2.25 mg l(-1), 20 degrees C) for simazine and terbuthylazine, respectively, in groundwater. 相似文献
73.
Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado Andres Bravo-Oviedo Gregorio Montero Miren del Río 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(7):1059-1072
Thinning, as a forest management strategy, may contribute towards mitigating climate change, depending on its net effect on forest carbon (C) stocks. Although thinning provides off-site C storage (in the form of wood products) it is still not clear whether it results in an increase, a reduction or no change in on-site C storage. In this study we analyze the effect of thinning on C stocks in a long-term experiment. Different thinning intensities (moderate, heavy and unthinned) have been applied over the last 30 years in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, with a thinning rotation period of 10 years. The main C compartments were analyzed: above and belowground tree biomass, deadwood, forest floor and upper 30-cm of the mineral soil and tree biomass removed in thinning treatments. The results revealed that unthinned stands had the highest C stocks with 315 Mg C ha?1, moderate thinning presented 304 Mg C ha?1 and heavy thinning 296 Mg C ha?1, with significant differences between unthinned and heavily thinned stands. These differences were mainly due to C stock in live biomass, which decreased with thinning intensity. However, soil C stocks, forest floor and mineral soil, were not influenced by thinning, all of the stands displaying very similar values 102–107 Mg C ha?1 for total soil; 15–19 Mg C ha?1 for forest floor; 87–88 Mg C ha?1 for mineral soil). These results highlight the sustainability of thinning treatments in terms of C stocks in this pinewood afforestation, and provide valuable information for forest management aimed at mitigating climate change. 相似文献
74.
Yong Sheng Aleksey Benderev Donka Bukolska Kenneth Imo-Imo Eshiet Carlos Dinis da Gama Torsten Gorka Michael Green Nikolay Hristov Ismini Katsimpardi Thomas Kempka Jordan Kortenski Nikolaos Koukouzas Natalie Nakaten Vasilis Sarhosis Ralph Schlueter Vidal Navarro Torres Ana Carina Veríssimo Velemir Vesselinov Dongmin Yang 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(4):595-627
This paper presents the outcome of a feasibility study on underground coal gasification (UCG) combined with direct carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) at a selected site in Bulgaria with deep coal seams (>1,200 m). A series of state-of-the-art geological, geo-mechanical, hydrogeological and computational models supported by experimental tests and techno-economical assessments have been developed for the evaluation of UCG-CCS schemes. Research efforts have been focused on the development of site selection requirements for UCG-CCS, estimation of CO2 storage volumes, review of the practical engineering requirements for developing a commercial UCG-CCS storage site, consideration of drilling and completion issues, and assessments of economic feasibility and environmental impacts of the scheme. In addition, the risks of subsidence and groundwater contamination have been assessed in order to pave the way for a full-scale trial and commercial applications. The current research confirms that cleaner and cheaper energy with reduced emissions can be achieved and the economics are competitive in the future European energy market. However the current research has established that rigorous design and monitor schemes are essential for productivity and safety and the minimisation of the potential environmental impacts. A platform has been established serving to inform policy-makers and aiding strategies devised to alleviate local and global impacts on climate change, while ensuring that energy resources are optimally harnessed. 相似文献
75.
76.
77.
Aliste Marina Pérez-Lucas Gabriel Vela Nuria Garrido Isabel Fenoll José Navarro Simón 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(7):7222-7233
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - We have demonstrated the potential leaching of eight compounds, one insecticide (flonicamid) and seven fungicides (myclobutanil, penconazole,... 相似文献
78.
Daniel P. Cartamil Chugey A. Sepulveda Nicholas C. Wegner Scott A. Aalbers Andres Baquero Jeffrey B. Graham 《Marine Biology》2011,158(4):935-944
The common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) is a secondary target species of the California drift gillnet fishery (CA-DGN) and supports a growing recreational fishery
in California waters. This study used archival tags to examine the movement patterns and habitat preferences of common threshers
of the size range captured in the CA-DGN (>120 cm fork length). Depth and temperature-logging archival tags were deployed
on 57 subadult and adult common threshers in the Southern California Bight. Tags from five individuals (8.8%) were recovered,
and 154 days of data were successfully obtained from four of these. By night, shark movements were primarily limited to waters
above the thermocline, which ranged in depth from 15 to 20 m. Sharks were significantly deeper by day, and daytime vertical
distribution consisted of two distinct modes: a ‘shallow mode’ (wherein sharks occupied only the upper 20 m of the water column)
and a ‘deep mode’ (characterized by frequent vertical excursions below the thermocline). This modal switch is interpreted
as relating to regional differences in abundance of surface-oriented prey and prey in deeper water. Maximum dive depth was
320 m, greatest dive duration was 712 min, minimum temperature experienced during a dive was 9.1°C, and dive descent rate
was significantly greater than ascent rate. Sharks inhabited waters corresponding to a sea surface temperature range of 16
to 21°C. The nocturnal depth distribution of common threshers has implications for management of drift gillnet deployment
depths in the CA-DGN. 相似文献
79.
Joan Navarro Daniel Oro Albert Bertolero Meritxell Genovart Antonio Delgado Manuela G. Forero 《Marine Biology》2010,157(11):2453-2459
The availability of food resources has been suggested as a major factor in the substantial increase in reproductive output,
survival, recruitment and, ultimately, population growth rates in most organisms. In fact, the artificial increase in food
availability resulting from human activities has been suggested as a factor in the substantial increase in population size
of several seabirds in recent decades. In the present study, our primary aim was to estimate the importance of the main natural
prey and two alternative feeding resources, fishery discards and the invasive American crayfish Procambarus clarkii, for an opportunistic seabird, the Audouin’s gull Larus audouinii. We also assessed the influence of age and sex in the use of those three types of food. For this purpose, we compared the
analyses of δ15N and δ13C in blood of male and female adults of known age and chicks with those in their potential prey. Our results reveal sex-related
and age-related differences in the consumption of fish discards, small pelagic fish and American crayfish. Differences in
the diet of males and females and also between adults and chicks could be related to different nutritional requirements. Age
differences were probably related to their different foraging proficiency and the tendency of young breeders to opportunistically
exploit anthropogenically derived food. This study illustrates the importance of considering the age and sex of individuals
to obtain feasible dietary information and to understand how the exploitation of food of human origin could affect population
growth. 相似文献
80.
This article argues that climate change, seen as a socially constructed anticipation of natural disasters and a future-risk that plays out in present politics, is enabling the emergence of new modes of governance in cities of the global south. The article focuses on the process by which the city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, developed a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy. Within the context of climate change adaptation, Esmeraldas mobilised new discourses, stakeholders, and planning mechanisms to address pre-existing urban planning and development limitations. This discursively enabled the municipality's ongoing governance project by leveraging resources, creating consensus, and informing practice. Climate change adaptation thus became an important mechanism for engaging with local priorities, particularly those of the most vulnerable populations, and for bridging the gap between the formal world of policymaking and the reality of life in the city, which is more often structured by informality. 相似文献