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821.
Our research involves determining how non-invasive electric and magnetic fields influence neuronal growth in vitro. In previous
studies we have shown that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) as well as direct current (DC) alone stimulate neurite outgrowth
from dorsal root ganglion explants [Sisken et al. 1984; Sisken et al. (Restor Neurol Neurosci 1:303–309, 1990); Greenebaum
et al. (Bioelectromagnetics 17:293–302, 1996)]. A maximum response was obtained when nerve growth factor (NGF) was also present
in the medium. The results of our experiments using static magnetic fields of different strengths are presented below and
indicate that fields of high magnetic strength (450–900 gauss) with added NGF stimulate neurite outgrowth comparable to the
response obtained with PEMF plus NGF. 相似文献
822.
Variations in either food content or dietary habit affect dietary intake of trace contaminants. Trace contaminants enter the human food chain through many environmental pathways, including contamination of water used for drinking or irrigation, sludge used on cropland, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals, chemicals leached from disposal sites to water, or airborne deposition on soil, water, or crops. A flow chart (Fig. 1) summarizes these pathways.Dietary exposure to environmental trace contaminants places some segments of the U.S. population at substantially higher risk than others. A methodology to calculate population distribution curves for dietary intake of trace contaminants is presented in this report, using cadmium (Cd) as the specific example. This methodology can be applied both to calculate the distribution of daily individual intake of trace contaminants, as well as to estimate the size of the potentially at-risk population. The methodology is developed with both a stochastic approach and a matrix approach. The matrix approach is coded as program SCOPE, and the stochastic as program MONTE.The dietary habits of the U.S. population were determined by using computer codes to analyse and synthesize an array of dietary data. The 15- to 20-yr-old male population was selected for analysis because this group has the largest gram-caloric intake of any age-sex classification. Data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration were analyzed to define Cd concentration distribution for 34 food categories, into which 1880 food items were classified. Food consumption frequency histograms were generated with this information, using data synthesis routines and SCOPE.A 1974 FDA survey of metal concentrations in selected foods at 71 U.S. sampling sites yielded tabular, truncated frequency histograms for Cd concentrations in 32 of the food categories studied. Histograms were then constructed by integrating consumption and Cd concentration for each food category for the total diet.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended in 1972 a tolerable limit of Cd intake of approximately 70 μg per day. A comparison of SCOPE and MONTE total diet Cd intake frequency histograms indicates the likelihood of high Cd intake, at-rick populations. SCOPE results predict that approximately 13% of the 15- to 20-yr-old males studied ingest Cd at a rate greater than 70 μg per day. MONTE predicts that 14%, with a 12–17% range, ingest amounts greater than the WHO-recommended limit on a daily basis. This percentage represents a potential at-risk population. The actual at-risk population would be those persons who consistently ingest more than 70 μg/day.The percentage of the population projected to ingest more than 70 μg of Cd per day needs to be defined by geography, ethnicity, race, and dietary preference in order to fully evaluate Cd intake risks and to set parameters for epidemiological surveys needed for confirmation. Assuming validity for this methodology, there is justification for preventing significant increases in Cd dietary intake by way of man's activities. 相似文献
823.
824.
Consequences of organic and non-organic farming practices for field,farm and landscape complexity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
825.
Andrew McDonald Susan Riha Antonio DiTommaso Arthur DeGaetano 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,130(3-4):131-140
By the end of the century, climate change projections under a “business-as-usual” emissions scenario suggest a globally averaged warming of 2.4–6.4 °C. If these forecasts are realized, cropping systems are likely to experience significant geographic range transformations among damaging endemic weed species and new vulnerabilities to exotic weed invasions. To anticipate these changes and to devise management strategies for proactively addressing them, it is necessary to characterize the environmental conditions that make specific weed species abundant, competitive, and therefore damaging the production of particular crops (i.e. defining the damage niche). In this study, U.S. maize is used as a model system to explore the implications of climate change on the distribution of damaging agricultural weeds. To accomplish this, we couple ensemble climate change projections of annual temperature and precipitation with survey data of troublesome weed species in maize. At the state scale, space-for-time substitution techniques are used to suggest the potential magnitude of change among damaging weed communities. To explore how the geography of damage for specific species may evolve over the next century, bioclimatic range rules were derived for two weed species that are pervasive in the Northern (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, ABUTH) and Southern (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., SORHA) U.S. Results from both analyses suggest that the composition of damaging weed communities may be fundamentally altered by climate change. In some states, potential changes in the coming decades are commensurate to those possible by the end of the century. Regions such as the Northeastern U.S. may prove particularly vulnerable with emerging climate conditions favoring few weed species of present-day significance. In contrast, regions like the mid-South are likely to experience fewer shifts even with a similar magnitude in climate change. By the end of the century in the U.S. Corn Belt, cold-tolerant species like A. theophrasti may be of minor importance whereas S. halepense, a predominantly Southern U.S. weed species at present, may become common and damaging to maize production with its damage niche advancing 200–600 km north of its present-day distribution. 相似文献
826.
Facial and vocal expressions of emotion have been found in a number of social mammal species and are thought to have evolved
to aid social communication. There has been much debate about whether such signals are culturally inherited or are truly biologically
innate. Evidence for the innateness of such signals can come from cross-cultural studies. Previous studies have identified
a vocalisation (the V4 or ‘excitement’ call) associated with high arousal behaviours in a population of killer whales in British
Columbia, Canada. In this study, we compared recordings from three different socially and reproductively isolated ecotypes
of killer whales, including five vocal clans of one ecotype, each clan having discrete culturally transmitted vocal traditions.
The V4 call was found in recordings of each ecotype and each vocal clan. Nine independent observers reproduced our classification
of the V4 call from each population with high inter-observer agreement. Our results suggest the V4 call may be universal in
Pacific killer whale populations and that transmission of this call is independent of cultural tradition or ecotype. We argue
that such universality is more consistent with an innate vocalisation than one acquired through social learning and may be
linked to its apparent function of motivational expression. 相似文献
827.
Adamatzky A 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(12):975-980
The Physarum machine is a biological computing device, which employs plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum as an unconventional computing substrate. A reaction–diffusion computer is a chemical computing device that computes by propagating
diffusive or excitation wave fronts. Reaction–diffusion computers, despite being computationally universal machines, are unable
to construct certain classes of proximity graphs without the assistance of an external computing device. I demonstrate that
the problem can be solved if the reaction–diffusion system is enclosed in a membrane with few ‘growth points’, sites guiding
the pattern propagation. Experimental approximation of spanning trees by P. polycephalum slime mold demonstrates the feasibility of the approach. Findings provided advance theory of reaction–diffusion computation
by enriching it with ideas of slime mold computation. 相似文献
828.
Host intra-clutch variation,cuckoo egg matching and egg rejection by great reed warblers 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Prevailing theory predicts that lower levels of intra-clutch variation in host eggs facilitate the detection of brood parasitism.
We assessed egg matching using both human vision and UV-VIS spectrophotometry and then followed the nest fate of great reed
warblers naturally parasitised by European cuckoos. Rejection was predicted by the following three variables: matching between
cuckoo and host eggs on the main chromatic variable defined by principal components analysis of the egg spectra (which has
a strong loading in the UV); the number of host eggs in the nest; and human estimates of intra-clutch variation. The first
variable is not correlated to human estimates of matching, which do not predict rejection. In line with another recent study,
rejection rates were predicted by higher levels of intra-clutch variation in the host eggs, suggesting that higher rather
than lower levels of intra-clutch variation can facilitate the discrimination of cuckoo eggs by hosts. We suggest that the
importance of intra-clutch variation is context dependent, with intra-clutch variation being important when there is good
matching between the host and the cuckoo eggs. Our results also suggest that both spectrometric and human visual assessments
of egg matching and intra-clutch variation are prudent: the former provide the best method of estimating reflectance variation,
whereas the latter include some assessment of patterns of maculation. 相似文献
829.
Ijeoma Favour Vincent-Akpu Andrew N. Tyler Clare Wilson Gillian Mackinnon 《毒物与环境化学》2015,97(2):135-144
Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg?1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water. 相似文献
830.
Jessica L. D'Ambrosio Andrew D. Ward Jonathan D. Witter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(4):910-922
Straight, trapezoidal‐shaped surface drainage channels efficiently drain the soil profile, but their deviations from natural fluvial conditions drive the need for frequent maintenance. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of drainage ditch maintenance activities can be significant, leading to harmful algal blooms and increased sedimentation. We developed a two‐stage ditch design that is more consistent with fluvial form and process. The approach has potential to enhance ecological services while meeting drainage needs essential for agricultural production. We studied geomorphic change of the inset channel, benches and banks of seven two‐stage ditches in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. Three to 10 years after construction, inset channel changes reflected natural adjustments, but not all ditches had reached their quasi‐equilibrium state. Ditches had experienced both degradation and aggradation on the benches at a rate of 0.5‐13 mm/yr. Aggradation on the benches was not likely to threaten tile drain outlets. Localized scour was observed on the banks at some sites, but at all but one site changes were not statistically significant. Except for the removal of woody vegetation, none of the ditches required routine maintenance since construction. Two‐stage ditches can be a stable, viable option for drainage ditch management if designed and installed properly on the landscape. 相似文献