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131.
Ann Ingerson 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(3):307-323
Within national greenhouse gas inventories, many countries now use widely-accepted methodologies to track carbon that continues
to be stored in wood products and landfills after its removal from the forest. Beyond simply tracking post-harvest wood carbon,
expansion of this pool has further been suggested as a potential climate change mitigation strategy. This paper summarizes
data on the fate of carbon through the wood processing chain and on greenhouse gas emissions generated by processing, transport,
use and disposal of wood. As a result of wood waste and decomposition, the carbon stored long-term in harvested wood products
may be a small proportion of that originally stored in the standing trees—across the United States approximately 1% may remain
in products in-use and 13% in landfills at 100 years post-harvest. Related processing and transport emissions may in some
cases approach the amount of CO2e stored in long-lived solid wood products. Policies that promote wood product carbon storage as a climate mitigation strategy
must assess full life-cycle impacts, address accounting uncertainties, and balance multiple public values derived from forests. 相似文献
132.
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134.
邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯致神经细胞氧化损伤 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
为探究邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(butyl benzyl phthalate,BBP)对小鼠神经的毒性作用,进行了小鼠体外毒理学研究。首先用不同浓度的邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯染毒神经模型细胞—N2a神经瘤细胞,通过噻唑蓝比色法(MTT),Hoechst 33258染色实验评价邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯的细胞毒效应;通过对染毒细胞氧自由基(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的检测来探究BBP对小鼠神经瘤细胞的氧化损伤效应。随着BBP浓度的不断增高,细胞的MTT值逐渐变小,当BBP的浓度达到10 g·L-1时,MTT实验结果与对照组出现显著性差异;Hoechst 33258染色结果显示:高浓度的BBP导致细胞核呈现出不规则状态,出现了凋亡小体;随着BBP染毒浓度的升高N2a细胞中的ROS水平和MDA含量逐渐上升,分别在0.16 g·L-1和10 g·L-1开始与对照组相比出现了显著性的差异(p0.05);而GSH系数呈现下降趋势,在0.32 g·L-1时开始出现显著性差异(p0.05)。实验结果表明高浓度的邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯可以导致神经瘤细胞的凋亡,并产生氧化损伤效应。 相似文献
135.
Reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC) has been investigated for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients (P), an important parameter for the prediction of the environmental behaviour of organic chemicals. A strong correlation between P derived from the traditional octanol/water system and RPTLC has been established over five orders of magnitude. RPTLC data are likewise correlated to results obtained by high performance chromatography (HPLC). Due to the low costs, simplicity and separation power RPTLC is especially suited for the investigation and screening of mixtures of compounds before more complicated tests are involved. Results from a round robin test on the determination of partition coefficients by HPLC, RPTLC and the batch method indicate the simplicity and accuracy of the RPTLC technique. Applications of the RPTLC‐technique on technical products and industrial waste waters are described. 相似文献
136.
Magneto-biomonitoring of intra-urban spatial variations of particulate matter using tree leaves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Preliminary mineral magnetic results from a pilot project investigating the suitability of roadside tree leaves as depositories
of vehicular pollution are presented. Tree leaf surfaces (Lime: Tilia europaea; Sycamore: Acer pseudoplatanus) at four roadside and one woodland location in Wolverhampton, UK, have been monitored (July 2003 to November 2003). Mineral
magnetic technologies have revealed spatial variations of particulate pollution concentration throughout the conurbation and
data analysis indicates that magnetic concentration parameters are suitable proxies for fine particulate pollution, which
are particularly hazardous to health. Site-specific traffic management and associated vehicle behaviour appear to be chiefly
responsible for the magnetic concentration differences between sites. Magneto-biomonitoring in this way allows the high-resolution
spatial mapping of particulate matter (PM) pollution, which may also benefit epidemiology in better assessing exposure to
vehicular-derived particulates. Given the speed, measurement sensitivity and non-destructive nature of the technique, it is
proposed that this low-cost approach offers some advantages over centralised monitoring stations to monitor urban roadside
particulate pollution. 相似文献
137.
Diasporas and diaspora non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) are increasingly important as resource lifelines to their home countries, yet the resources that they mobilise, the types of challenges that they face, and their coping mechanisms are not well explored or understood in the context of disaster recovery. To fill this knowledge gap, this study employed an inductive qualitative methodological approach, using interviews to comprehend the role played by Haitian diaspora NGOs after the catastrophic earthquake in 2010. It found that resources take four common forms: event fundraisers; financial and material donations from supporters; remittances; and volunteer labour. Challenges include an overreliance on diaspora donors, competition among NGOs, and what is perceived as inequitable funding practices towards diaspora NGOs. The findings provide insights centred on better coordination among diaspora NGOs, as well as between diaspora NGOs and other local and international NGOs and local governments and international institutions, to ensure more efficient delivery of services to survivors. 相似文献
138.
Animals inhabiting hydrothermal vents and cold seeps face conditions that are challenging for survival. In particular, these
two habitats are characterized by chronic hypoxia, sometimes reaching complete anoxia. The characteristics of the scaphognathite
and gills were studied in four species of shrimp and three species of crabs from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, in order
to highlight potential adaptations that could enhance oxygen acquisition in comparison with shallow-water relatives. All the
vent and seep species studied here exhibit significantly larger scaphognathites, likely allowing more water to flow over their
gills per stroke of this appendage. This is probably more energetically efficient that prolonged hyperventilation. In contrast
to annelids, vent and seep decapods usually do not possess enlarged gills, a phenomenon likely due to the physical limitations
imposed by the size of the gill chamber. In the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and the vent crab Bythograea thermydron, however, there is a significantly higher specific gill surface area linked to a higher number of lamellae per gram of gill.
Again in contrast to annelids, the diffusion distance through the gills is not strikingly different between the vent shrimp
Alvinocaris komaii and the shallow-water species Palaemon spp. This may indicate that the epithelium and cuticle of the decapod gills are already optimized for oxygen uptake and that
reducing the thickness of these compartments is not physically possible without affecting the physical integrity of the gills. 相似文献
139.
Two species of seed-eating true bugs, Neacoryphus bicrucis (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and Margus obscurator (Heteroptera: Coreidae) co-occur on ragwort, Senecio tomentosus, in southern Georgia, USA. Males of both species sometimes engage in chases and protracted grappling with females that flee
initial mountings. Sometimes genital coupling occurs while the wriggling female is restrained in the male's grasp. Chases,
grappling, and mounting attempts are misdirected toward heterospecific females, heterospecific males, or conspecific males.
In a laboratory study, confinement of mated N. bicrucis females with either conspecific or heterospecific males reduced fecundity by approximately one-half relative to mated females
confined only with other females. Perhaps as a consequence of this, N. bicrucis females frequently leave areas of high host plant density, where they prefer to oviposit, when males are abundant. The abundance
of each species is positively correlated with host plant density but the two species rarely occur together on the same plants.
This may be an effect of heterospecific courtship which induces the flight of N. bicrucis more than the flight of M. obscurator. The laboratory results suggest that copulations following chases and grappling represent sexual harassment, not a mechanism
of active female choice for a vigorous mate. As sexual harassment imposes high fitness costs that favor abandonment of host
plants, it may, when misdirected, incidentally limit habitat use by ecologically similar species.
Received: 3 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 21 January 1999 / Accepted: 14 February 1999 相似文献
140.