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811.
Erika Andersson Anna Rotander Thomas von Kronhelm Anna Berggren Per Ivarsson Henner Hollert Magnus Engwall 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):521-530
Background, aim, and scope Degradation of the 16 US EPA priority PAHs in soil subjected to bioremediation is often achieved. However, the PAH loss is
not always followed by a reduction in soil toxicity. For instance, bioanalytical testing of such soil using the chemical-activated
luciferase gene expression (CALUX) assay, measuring the combined effect of all Ah receptor (AhR) activating compounds, occasionally
indicates that the loss of PAHs does not correlate with the loss of Ah receptor-active compounds in the soil. In addition,
standard PAH analysis does not address the issue of total toxicant bioavailability in bioremediated soil.
Materials and methods To address these questions, we have used the CALUX AhR agonist bioassay and the Comet genotoxicity bioassay with RTL-W1 cells
to evaluate the toxic potential of different extracts from a PAH-contaminated soil undergoing large-scale bioremediation.
The extracts were also chemically analyzed for PAH16 and PCDD/PCDF. Soil sampled on five occasions between day 0 and day 274
of biological treatment was shaken with n-butanol with vortex mixing at room temperature to determine the bioavailable fraction
of contaminants. To establish total concentrations, parts of the same samples were extracted using an accelerated solvent
extractor (ASE) with toluene at 100°C. The extracts were tested as inducers of AhR-dependent luciferase activity in the CALUX
assay and for DNA breakage potential in the Comet bioassay.
Results The chemical analysis of the toluene extracts indicated slow degradation rates and the CALUX assay indicated high levels of
AhR agonists in the same extracts. Compared to day 0, the bioavailable fractions showed no decrease in AhR agonist activity
during the treatment but rather an up-going trend, which was supported by increasing levels of PAHs and an increased effect
in the Comet bioassay after 274 days. The bio-TEQs calculated using the CALUX assay were higher than the TEQs calculated from
chemical analysis in both extracts, indicating that there are additional toxic PAHs in both extracts that are not included
in the chemically derived TEQ.
Discussion The response in the CALUX and the Comet bioassays as well as the chemical analysis indicate that the soil might be more toxic
to organisms living in soil after 274 days of treatment than in the untreated soil, due to the release of previously sorbed
PAHs and possibly also metabolic formation of novel toxicants.
Conclusions Our results put focus on the issue of slow degradation rates and bioavailability of PAHs during large-scale bioremediation
treatments. The release of sorbed PAHs at the investigated PAH-contaminated site seemed to be faster than the degradation
rate, which demonstrates the importance of considering the bioavailable fraction of contaminants during a bioremediation process.
Recommendations and perspectives It has to be ensured that soft remediation methods like biodegradation or the natural remediation approach do not result in
the mobilization of toxic compounds including more mobile degradation products. For PAH-contaminated sites this cannot be
assured merely by monitoring the 16 target PAHs. The combined use of a battery of biotests for different types of PAH effects
such as the CALUX and the Comet assay together with bioavailability extraction methods may be a useful screening tool of bioremediation
processes of PAH-contaminated soil and contribute to a more accurate risk assessment. If the bioremediation causes a release
of bound PAHs that are left undegraded in an easily extracted fraction, the soil may be more toxic to organisms living in
the soil as a result of the treatment. A prolonged treatment time may be one way to reduce the risk of remaining mobile PAHs.
In critical cases, the remediation concept might have to be changed to ex situ remediation methods. 相似文献
812.
为定量评价湖南省西部地区可持续发展能力,采用2008-2013年新晃县统计年鉴和世界自然基金会(WWF)的相关数据,对新晃县6a(2007-2012年)来人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力进行实证计算和分析。结果表明:新晃县2007-2012年在较低的发展水平下一直处于生态赤字状态,且生态赤字逐年上升,处于不可持续的发展状态。同时在测算生态经济系统多样性指标和发展能力指标时发现生态经济多样性指数提升,系统的发展能力有所提高。最后讨论本研究中发现的生态足迹法存在的一些问题。 相似文献
813.
László Bencs Agnieszka Krata Benjamin Horemans Anna J. Buczyńska Alin C. Dirtu Ana F.L. Godoi Ricardo H.M. Godoi Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak René Van Grieken 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(24):3786-3798
Daily and seasonal variations in dry and wet atmospheric nitrogen fluxes have been studied during four campaigns between 2004 and 2006 at a coastal site of the Southern North Sea at De Haan (Belgium) located at coordinates of 51.1723° N and 3.0369° E. Concentrations of inorganic N-compounds were determined in the gaseous phase, size-segregated aerosol (coarse, medium, and fine), and rainwater samples. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was quantified in rainwater. The daily variations in N-fluxes of compounds were evaluated with air-mass backward trajectories, classified into the main air-masses arriving at the sampling site (i.e., continental, North Sea, and Atlantic/UK/Channel).The three, non-episodic campaigns showed broadly consistent fluxes, but during the late summer campaign exceptionally high episodic N-deposition was observed. The average dry and wet fluxes for non-episodic campaigns amounted to 2.6 and 4.0 mg N m?2 d?1, respectively, whereas during the episodic late summer period these fluxes were as high as 5.2 and 6.2 mg N m?2 d?1, respectively.Non-episodic seasons/campaigns experienced average aerosol fluxes of 0.9–1.4 mg N m?2 d?1. Generally, the contribution of aerosol NH4+ was more significant in the medium and fine particulate fractions than that of aerosol NO3?, whereas the latter contributed more in the coarse fraction, especially in continental air-masses. During the dry mid-summer campaign, the DON contributed considerably (~15%) to the total N-budget.Exceptionally high episodic aerosol-N inputs have been observed for the late summer campaign, with especially high deposition rates of 3.6 and 2.9 mg N m?2 d?1 for Atlantic/UK/Channel and North Sea-continental (mixed) air-masses, respectively. During this pollution episode, the flux of NH4+ was dominating in each aerosol fraction/air-mass, except for coarse continental aerosols. High deposition of gaseous-N was also observed in this campaign with an average total N-flux of 2–2.5-times higher than in other campaigns. 相似文献
814.
Transformations of dissolved organic matter in a landfill leachate--a size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometric approach 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The aim of the present study was to search for qualitative changes in the landfill leachate DOM along a groundwater gradient. The study was focused on DOM characteristics of importance for its interaction with pollutants, such as molecular weight distribution and aromaticity. It was concluded that the leachate DOM underwent substantial qualitative changes along the investigated gradient at the Vejen landfill, Denmark. The molecular weight decreased, the polydispersity increased, and the aromaticity varied with the lowest values found in the middle of the gradient. The high aromaticity in the end of the gradient may explain the higher DOM binding capacity towards hydrophobic compounds seen earlier in these samples. The relative abundance of ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 600-1200 seemed to be very stable along the gradient, indicating that the observed qualitative changes of the DOM is mostly attributed to changes in the m/z 100-600 range. The DOM seemed to become more similar to fulvic acids present in uncontaminated groundwater with respect to molecular weight and polydispersity along the gradient. 相似文献
815.
Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in the sediment of the Roter Main river, Bayreuth, Germany 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems. Their sources are known but few studies about their accumulation potential in river sediments exist. The aim of this study is to assess the concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in sediments in relation to their levels in river water receiving effluent from a waste water treatment plant (WWTP). PFOS accumulates by a factor of about 40 relative to river water, PFOA only up to threefold. In contrast to previous suggestions, in this case the enrichment on sediment is not correlated to the total organic carbon contents. 相似文献
816.
Distribution of some organochlorine compounds in pine needles from Central and Northern Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hellström A Kylin H Strachan WM Jensen S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,128(1-2):29-48
Levels of selected organochlorine compounds in pine needles were measured in two sampling series. The first series collected in 1989 covered Southern Germany to Northern Scandinavia, and the second collected in 1990 covered Czechoslovakia to Estonia. The levels of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were relatively uniform throughout Europe, while the levels of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) and the DDT group show higher levels in the southern parts of the investigated area. The deposition patterns of all compounds except alpha-HCH indicate a dependence on fresh release from diffuse or point sources rather than global fractionation. The analytes accumulate in the needles until senescence starts and, generally, the oldest needles have the highest concentrations. The accumulation rate of the analytes in mountain pine needles is about half that of Scots pine needles indicating the importance of species differences. 相似文献
817.
Natural attenuation of xenobiotic organic compounds in a landfill leachate plume (Vejen,Denmark) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Baun A Reitzel LA Ledin A Christensen TH Bjerg PL 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2003,65(3-4):269-291
Demonstration of natural attenuation of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) in landfill leachate plumes is a difficult task and still an emerging discipline within groundwater remediation. One of the early studies was made at the Vejen Landfill in Denmark in the late 1980s, which suggested that natural attenuation of XOCs took place under strongly anaerobic conditions within the first 150 m of the leachate plume. This paper reports on a revisit to the same plume 10 years later. Within the strongly anaerobic part of the plume, 49 groundwater samples were characterized with respect to redox-sensitive species and XOCs. The analytical procedures have been developed further and more compounds and lower detection limits were observed this time. In addition, the samples were screened for degradation intermediates and for toxicity. The plume showed fairly stationary features over the 10-year period except that the XOC level as well as the level of chloride and nonvolatile organic carbon (NVOC) in the plume had decreased somewhat. Most of the compounds studied were subject to degradation in addition to dilution. Exceptions were benzene, the herbicide Mecoprop (MCPP), and NVOC. In the early study, NVOC seemed to degrade in the first part of the plume, but this was no longer the case. Benzyl succinic acid (BSA) was for the first time identified in a leachate plume as a direct indicator, and as the only intermediate of toluene degradation. Toxicity measurements on solid phase-extracted (SPE) samples revealed that toxic compounds not analytically identified were still present in the plume, suggesting that toxicity measurements could be helpful in assessing natural attenuation in leachate plumes. 相似文献
818.
Turrio-Baldassarri L Abate V Alivernini S Battistelli CL Carasi S Casella M Iacovella N Iamiceli AL Indelicato A Scarcella C La Rocca C 《Chemosphere》2007,67(9):1822-1830
This study deals with a PCB, PCDD and PCDF contamination in Brescia, a city in the North-West of Italy, affecting an area with about 11000 inhabitants. The area is close to an industrial plant that produced, in total, some 31,000 ton of PCB. A relevant part of the polluted area is agricultural soil, where cattle were fed with polluted forage and farmers were consuming their own products, so that contamination led eventually to human exposure. Total levels of PCDD/Fs varied from 8 to 592 pgTE(WHO)/g for soil samples and when the dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) are included, the levels varied from 14.6 to 1033.7 pgTE(WHO)/g. In several cases, the legal limit was exceeded by more than one order of magnitude, with the highest contamination in some agricultural areas and in the surrounding zones. For the forage samples, total levels of PCDD/Fs varied from 0.29 to 2.04 pgTE(WHO)/g and, when dl-PCBs are included, this range increased from 2.04 to 4.75 pgTE(WHO)/g. PCB contamination of the forage through vapor condensation seemed to be relevant. The toxic contribution of dl-PCBs is always relevant and must be considered for risk management. The main component of the contamination source is probably a heavy PCB mixture, such as Aroclor 1262. The study dealt generally with the contamination transfer of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs from soil up to humans across the food chain. Results on soils and forages are shown, while measurements concerning the contamination of the animals fed with contaminated forage, and the exposure of the farmers (through human serum analyses), as compared to general population, will be reported in a dedicated paper. 相似文献
819.
Izydorczyk Grzegorz Mikula Katarzyna Skrzypczak Dawid Trzaska Krzystof Moustakas Konstantinos Witek-Krowiak Anna Chojnacka Katarzyna 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(35):47725-47740
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This literature review outlines the most important—agricultural and non-agricultural—types of sewage sludge management. The potential of... 相似文献
820.
Daniela Ruberti Marco Vigliotti Anna Di Mauro Roberto Chieffi Michele Di Natale 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2018,22(5):897-917
This paper focused on the past shoreline change rates along the coastal plain of the Volturno River, in southern Italy, western Mediterranean. A wide database comprising historical maps, aerial photographs, topographic sheets, bathymetric data was used to extract the spatial and temporal information of the coastlines at seven time points. Coastline displacement was calculated for two successive time points and relative surface variation (accretion and erosion) was estimated as well as minimum and maximum accretion/erosion linear values and rates. The surface variation analysis has revealed that the studied coast can be considered homogeneous since the 1970s, whereas it exhibits a variety of shoreline evolutionary trends after that time period. Timing and causes of trends and rates of variation were detected. Based on the estimated shoreline change rates, an appropriate morhodynamic one-line model was applied to predict evolutionary scenarios also in presence of port and defence works. The results obtained strongly emphasize that a successful coastal management requires a constant monitoring of the human-induced changes to account for the variability of rates over time. 相似文献