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731.
Christensen AM Nakajima F Baun A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(2):621-625
The urban stream Store Vejle? (Denmark), which receives discharges of urban runoff, was investigated using a combination of biological toxicity tests and chemical analysis. The urban stormwater and road runoff gave low, but statistically significant, effects on the reproduction of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In all pre-concentrated water samples toxic effects were found and differences in toxicity depending on time and location of sampling were identified. Undiluted pore water samples from sediments collected in the stream were all toxic towards the algae and dilutions from 4 to 14 times were needed compared to a pore water sample from an unpolluted stream where a dilution factor of only 1.6 was required. A qualitative correlation between the toxicity of the pore water and the degree of pollution as evidenced by the metal concentration was observed, but statistically significant correlations could not be established by ranking procedures of, e.g. metal content or PAH-concentrations versus the observed toxicity. 相似文献
732.
OBJECTIVE: The research literature on drivers' use of cell phones was reviewed to identify trends in drivers' phone use and to determine the state of knowledge about the safety consequences of such use. METHODS: Approximately 125 studies were reviewed with regard to the research questions, type and rigor of the methods, and findings. Reviewed studies included surveys of drivers, experiments, naturalistic studies (continuous recording of everyday driving by drivers in instrumented vehicles), studies of crash risk, and evaluations of laws limiting drivers' phone use. RESULTS: Observational surveys indicate drivers commonly use cell phones and that such use is increasing. Drivers report they usually use hand-held phones. Experimental studies have found that simulated or instrumented driving tasks, or driving while being observed, are compromised by tasks intended to replicate phone conversations, whether using hand-held or hands-free phones, and may be further compromised by the physical distraction of handling phones. Effects of phone use on driving performance when drivers are in their own vehicles are unknown. With representative samples of adequate size, naturalistic studies in the future may provide the means to document the patterns and circumstances of drivers' phone use and their effects on real-world driving. Currently, the best studies of crash risk used cell phone company billing records to verify phone use by crash-involved drivers. Two such studies found a fourfold increase in the risk of a property-damage-only crash and the risk of an injury crash associated with phone use; increased risk was similar for males and females, younger and older drivers, and hands-free and hand-held phones. A number of jurisdictions in the United States and around the world have made it illegal for drivers to use hand-held phones. Studies of these laws show only limited compliance and unclear effects on safety.CONCLUSIONS: Even if total compliance with bans on drivers' hand-held cell phone use can be achieved, crash risk will remain to the extent that drivers continue to use or switch to hands-free phones. Although the enactment of laws limiting drivers' use of all phones is consistent with research findings, it is unclear how such laws could be enforced. At least in the short term, it appears that drivers' phone use will continue to increase, despite the growing evidence of the risk it creates. More effective countermeasures are needed but are not known at this time. 相似文献
733.
Morville S Scheyer A Mirabel P Millet M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(2):83-89
Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols
(3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol,
2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol,
dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high
volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations
and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere.
Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen
to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken
simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives
a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in
order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and
particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated
to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before
analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode.
Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among
phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions
from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations
in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations
were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes.
Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric
samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence.
Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order
to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken
especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and,
due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken.
- * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August
to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France. 相似文献
734.
Peter M Groffman Mark A Altabet J K B?hlke Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Mark B David Mary K Firestone Anne E Giblin Todd M Kana Lars Peter Nielsen Mary A Voytek 《Ecological applications》2006,16(6):2091-2122
Denitrification, the reduction of the nitrogen (N) oxides, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), to the gases nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and dinitrogen (N2), is important to primary production, water quality, and the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere at ecosystem, landscape, regional, and global scales. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult to measure, and existing methods are problematic for different reasons in different places at different times. In this paper, we review the major approaches that have been taken to measure denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic environments and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and future prospects for the different methods. Methodological approaches covered include (1) acetylene-based methods, (2) 15N tracers, (3) direct N2 quantification, (4) N2:Ar ratio quantification, (5) mass balance approaches, (6) stoichiometric approaches, (7) methods based on stable isotopes, (8) in situ gradients with atmospheric environmental tracers, and (9) molecular approaches. Our review makes it clear that the prospects for improved quantification of denitrification vary greatly in different environments and at different scales. While current methodology allows for the production of accurate estimates of denitrification at scales relevant to water and air quality and ecosystem fertility questions in some systems (e.g., aquatic sediments, well-defined aquifers), methodology for other systems, especially upland terrestrial areas, still needs development. Comparison of mass balance and stoichiometric approaches that constrain estimates of denitrification at large scales with point measurements (made using multiple methods), in multiple systems, is likely to propel more improvement in denitrification methods over the next few years. 相似文献
735.
模拟酸雨下自然红壤与污染红壤中Cd,Cu,Zn的释放特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过对2个自然红壤和2个污染红壤的模拟酸雨土柱淋溶试验,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中重金属Cd,Cu,Zn的释放特征与影响因素,比较了自然红壤与污染红壤重金属释放特征的差异,结果表明,自然红壤中Cd,Cu,Zn的释放量均随酸雨淋溶量增加而线性增加,累积释放量有Zn>Cu>Cd的规律,并且随酸雨酸度增加而增加,3种重金属释放量之间存在显著的线性关系,在污染红壤中,Cd的释放随着酸雨淋溶量的增加呈现对数型增长,Cu的释放模式仍为直线型增长,而Zn的释放在弱酸性酸雨作用下为直线型增长,在强酸性酸雨作用下则为对数型增长,3种重金属释放鼍之间存在非线性关系,污染红壤中重金属释放量顺序为Cd>Zn>>Cu,大约26%-76%的外源Cd和11%-68%的外源Zn被酸雨淋溶释放,但99%以上的外源Cu被土壤吸附,同时,3种重金属累积释放量均与淋出液中H+离子累积量呈现显著的对数关系;Cd和Zn与TOC累积释放量之间呈现显著的对数关系,Cu与TOC呈现显著的乘幂关系,在酸雨作用下,自然红壤由于重金属释放最很小,出现重金属污染的可能性较小;但污染红壤中大量Cd和zn的释放可能导致土壤,水体系统发生重金属污染. 相似文献
736.
Governing Change: Land-Use Change and the Prevention of Nonpoint Source Pollution in the North Coastal Basin of California 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anne G. Short 《Environmental management》2013,51(1):108-125
Many rural areas in the United States and throughout much of the postindustrial world are undergoing significant ecological, socioeconomic, and political transformations. The migration of urban and suburban dwellers into rural areas has led to the subdivision of large tracts of land into smaller parcels, which can complicate efforts to govern human–environmental problems. Non-point source (NPS) pollution from private rural lands is a particularly pressing human–environmental challenge that may be aggravated by changing land tenure. In this article, I report on a study of the governance and management of sediment (a common NPS pollutant) in the North Coastal basin of California, a region undergoing a transition from traditional extractive and agricultural land uses to rural residential and other alternative land uses. I focus on the differences in the governance and management across private timber, ranch, residential, vacation, and other lands in the region. I find that (1) the stringency and strength of sediment regulations differ by land use, (2) nonregulatory programs tend to target working landscapes, and (3) rural residential landowners have less knowledge of sediment control and report using fewer sediment-control techniques than landowners using their land for timber production or ranching. I conclude with an exploration of the consequences of these differences on an evolving rural landscape. 相似文献
737.
Anne Ingeborg Myhr 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):501-525
The commercial introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has revealed a broad range of views among scientists
and other stakeholders on perspectives of genetic engineering (GE) and if and how GMOs should be regulated. Within this controversy,
the precautionary principle has become a contentious issue with high support from skeptical groups but resisted by GMO advocates.
How to handle lack of scientific understanding and scientific disagreement are core issues within these debates. This article
examines some of the key issues affecting precaution as a legal standard and as an approach to the use of science in decision-making
processes. It is pointed out that there is a need for reflection over the level of scientific evidence required for applying
the precautionary principle as well as who should have the burden of proof when there are uncertainties. Further, an awareness
of the broader scientific uncertainties found in GMO risk assessment implies that a precautionary approach must be elaborated:
both for acknowledging uncertainties and for identification of scientific responses. Since precaution is an important issue
within the sustainable development framework, it is suggested that sustainability can provide a normative standard that can
help to reveal the influence and negotiate the importance of the various forms of uncertainty. Wise management of uncertainties
and inclusion of normative aspects in risk assessment and management may help to ensure sustainable and socially robust GMO
innovations at present and in the future. 相似文献
738.
Alison P. Murata Tariq Siddique Allen M. Jobson Alsu Kuznetsova Amalesh Dhar M. Anne Naeth 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2023,33(2):111-118
Chloroform, a probable human carcinogen, is mainly produced anthropogenically for industrial use and may be released to the environment from a large number of sources related to its manufacture and use, including pulp and paper mills, hazardous waste sites, and sanitary landfills. Remediation of chloroform through conventional technologies has been met with limited success due to the conditions required and the formation of hazardous substances such as dichloromethane. The objective of this study was to investigate chloroform reduction in multicontaminated fine-textured soil using zero-valent iron (Fe0) in anaerobic microcosms. Four amended matrices were tested: simple matrix control (glass beads), soil matrix control (glass beads + soil), Fe0 in a simple matrix (glass beads + Fe0), and Fe0 in a soil matrix (soil + Fe0). Headspace chloroform and its transformation products dichloromethane, chloromethane, and methane were measured over 230 days and during short intervals in the initial 3 days. Chloroform (~0.3 mM initial mass) persisted in both control microcosms but was completely transformed in microcosms containing soil + Fe0 by 12 h and glass beads + Fe0 by 48 h. Reductive dechlorination of chloroform occurred with simultaneous production of dichloromethane (~0.11 to 0.14 mM mass) and chloromethane (~0.02 to 0.13 mM mass). Little methane (~0.07 to 0.26 μM mass) production as an end product of chloroform reduction was observed in microcosms amended with Fe0. Produced dichloromethane and chloroform almost disappeared by 230 days. The results showed a complete chloroform transformation pathway that has good potential for the remediation of chlorinated compounds in fine-textured soil. The role of soil clay minerals in redox reactions can be further investigated to improve the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated compounds in contaminated environments. 相似文献
739.
Vagisha Pruthi Nimrah Abbasi Varsha Thakur Shiri Shinar Anne O’Connor Rachel Silver Tasha Simpson Tim Van Mieghem 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(7):881-888