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621.
Anthony Bennett 《Natural resources forum》1998,22(3):193-199
This article defines three kinds of public/private partnership, lists their potential benefits and explains common issues and problems in their operation with examples from developing countries. It then defines and discusses the concepts of social sustainability and financial sustainability in relation to public/private partnerships, and emphasizes the importance of applying sustainability criteria to each partner. It is argued that essentially the same criteria apply to non-profit NGOs as to for-profit firms, despite their differences in goals and values. The article concludes with some suggested strategies for effective international technical co-operation in the establishment of public/private partnerships. 相似文献
622.
Chorionic villi from 20 diagnostic cases were prepared for cytogenetic analysis by a direct and two short-term culture methods. No significant differences were found between the methods in the quality and quantity of metaphases obtained. A further study using villi from 20 pre-termination patients indicated an inherent variation in the quality of villi resulting in inconsistent processing and variation in the response of a sample to the methods. This suggests that it would be advantageous to process the villi by more than one method. 相似文献
623.
Trewavas A 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2005,92(9):401-413
Intelligent behavior is a complex adaptive phenomenon that has evolved to enable organisms to deal with variable environmental
circumstances. Maximizing fitness requires skill in foraging for necessary resources (food) in competitive circumstances and
is probably the activity in which intelligent behavior is most easily seen. Biologists suggest that intelligence encompasses
the characteristics of detailed sensory perception, information processing, learning, memory, choice, optimisation of resource
sequestration with minimal outlay, self-recognition, and foresight by predictive modeling. All these properties are concerned
with a capacity for problem solving in recurrent and novel situations. Here I review the evidence that individual plant species
exhibit all of these intelligent behavioral capabilities but do so through phenotypic plasticity, not movement. Furthermore
it is in the competitive foraging for resources that most of these intelligent attributes have been detected. Plants should
therefore be regarded as prototypical intelligent organisms, a concept that has considerable consequences for investigations
of whole plant communication, computation and signal transduction. 相似文献
624.
Extreme tidal events are one of the most predictable natural disturbances in marine benthic habitats and are important determinants
of zonation patterns in intertidal benthic communities. On coral reefs, spring low tides are recurrent disturbances, but are
rarely reported to cause mass mortality. However, in years when extremely low tides coincide with high noon irradiances, they
have the potential to cause widespread damage. Here, we report on such an event on a fringing coral reef in the central Great
Barrier Reef (Australia) in September 2005. Visual surveys of colony mortality and bleaching status of more than 13,000 corals
at 14 reef sites indicated that most coral taxa at wave-protected sites were severely affected by the event. Between 40 and
75% of colonies in the major coral taxa (Acropora, Porites, Faviidae, Mussidae and Pocilloporidae) were either bleached or suffered partial mortality. In contrast, corals at wave-exposed
sites were largely unaffected (<1% of the corals were bleached), as periodic washing by waves prevented desiccation. Surveys
along a 1–9 m depth gradient indicated that high coral mortality was confined to the tidal zone. However, 20–30% of faviid
colonies were bleached throughout the depth range, suggesting that the increase in benthic irradiances during extreme low
tides caused light stress in deeper water. Analyses of an 8-year dataset of tidal records for the area indicated that the
combination of extended periods of aerial exposure and high irradiances occurs during May–September in most years, but that
the event in September 2005 was the most severe. We argue that extreme low-tide, high-irradiance events are important structuring
forces of intertidal coral reef communities, and can be as damaging as thermal stress events. Importantly, they occur at a
time of year when risks from thermal stress, cyclones and monsoon-associated river run-off are minimal. 相似文献
625.
E. J. Anthony 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(2):169-178
Beach conservation and management on the high-value French Riviera in southeastern France have had mixed fortunes in shoreline
economic development strategies over the past half century. Prior to 1965, socio-economic growth related to immigration and
tourism resulted in considerable pressure on the coastal zone, leading in particular to beach erosion and degradation of beach
environmental quality. Between 1965 and 1980, over 20% of the 132 km-long French Riviera was permanently altered through the
implantation of yachting harbours and reclamation fill structures, while beach-based recreation had a rather low ranking as
a development choice, except in the two major resorts of Cannes and Nice which exhibit a densely urbanized seafront. On this
preponderantly bold rocky coast, the mediocre recreational value inherited by many of the beaches from the regional geologic
setting, and from development pressures and earlier errors in coastal management, left them vulnerable to appropriation and
so-called ‘valorization’ by yachting harbour and estate developers.
Over the last decade, artificial shoreline development has virtually ceased, in response to several more or less interrelated
factors. These include relative stagnation of socio-economic growth, increasing development and maintenance costs of yachting
harbours, saturation of the yachting harbour market as a result of the burgeoning of new, often cheaper, resorts and of reconversion
of commercial and shipbuilding ports to leisure ports in the Mediterranean, more stringent legislation, since 1986, on the
implantation of residential and major engineering structures on the coastline, pressure for conservation of the cultural and
environmental heritage, and greater demand for beach recreational space. This situation has forced a diversification of shore-based
activities, as it has been realised that better managed beaches may balance economic aspirations while contributing to enhanced
environmental quality and sensible shoreline conservation. This change in strategy has entailed considerable efforts and money
on the improvement of coastal water quality, the provision of amenities for beach-goers, and especially the nourishment of
eroding beaches and the creation of several artificial beaches. The extent to which beaches will continue to play a role in
the sustainable development of French Riviera resorts will depend largely on the capacity of local authorities to maintain
environmental quality in the face of inherited and persistent handicaps such as beach erosion. 相似文献
626.
Identification of sex pheromone components of the pea midge, Contarinia pisi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ylva Hillbur Peter Anderson Heinrich Arn Marie Bengtsson Jan Löfqvist Anthony J. Biddle Olof Smitt Hans-Erik Högberg Ernst Plass Stephan Franke Wittko Francke 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1999,86(6):292-294
Three components in extract of pheromone glands of female pea midges, Contarinia pisi, were found to be active on male pea midge antennae by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection. The EAD
active components were identified as 2-acetoxytridecane, (2S,11S)-diacetoxytridecane, and (2S,12S)-diacetoxytridecane. A blend of these compounds proved to be highly attractive to males in windtunnel experiments.
Received: 12 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 26 january 1999 相似文献
627.
Fisher Anthony Fullerton David Hatch Nile Reinelt Peter 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1995,29(3)
The question addressed by this study is how a large urban water district can best respond to a drought. Using a computer model of a representative district, we find that a combination of conjunctive use and water marketing is well over an order of magnitude cheaper than the traditional alternative of constructing new storage capacity. The indicated cost saving can be explained by the intermittent nature of the transfer, corresponding to the intermittent demand. Comparing costs to benefits, the consumer-surplus loss otherwise entailed by raising prices to cut back on consumption in the event of a drought, we find that construction of new storage does not pass a benefit/cost test, but introduction of conjunctive use/water marketing does. 相似文献
628.
Anthony Johnson F. Susan Cowchock Marilyn Darby Ronald Wapner Laird G. Jackson 《黑龙江环境通报》1991,11(7):443-450
First-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels were measured in samples from 29 women with cytogenetically abnormal pregnancies and 145 women with cytogenetically normal pregnancies matched for gestational age, race, and sample storage time. All patients had a risk of fetal aneuploidy greater than or equal to that of a mother 35 years of age. AFP was significantly lower in samples from pregnancies affected with trisomy 21 (0.67 MoM;p <0.05), while HCG values were no different from those of matched controls. Trisomies 13 and 18 could not be distinguished from matched controls by AFP. However, levels of HCG were significantly lower in such pregnancy samples, with median values of 0.65 MoM in trisomy 13 and 0.32 MoM in trisomy 18 (p<0.05). Variations in AFP and HCG levels suggest that expressed differences between autosomal aneuploidies include differences in fetal and placenta! protein production in the first trimester. 相似文献
629.
Davies SJ Metcalfe SE Bernal-Brooks F Chacón-Torres A Farmer JG MacKenzie AB Newton AJ 《Ambio》2005,34(6):470-475
We provide evidence of rapid, recent environmental change in two lakes in the highlands of central Mexico. Multiple sediment cores were obtained from Lago de Zirahuén (Michoacán) and Laguna de Juanacatlán (Jalisco). Analysis of diatom assemblages, magnetic susceptibility, and metal concentrations was carried out, with the chronology provided by 210Pb dating, 14C dating, and tephrochronology. There is evidence of catchment disturbance during the colonial period in both basins, but the most striking feature at both sites is the rapid change in diatom assemblages during the last 20 y, indicating the onset of eutrophication. Limnological data from Lago de Zirahuén support this interpretation, although none are available from Laguna de Juanacatlán. Paleolimnology is a powerful tool in tracking recent change, particularly in the absence of regular limnological monitoring programs. These lakes appear to be highly sensitive to changes in catchment exploitation, which must be considered in future drainage basin management. 相似文献
630.
It is an established fact that property owners can face significant liabilities as a result of an on-site environmental contamination problem. This paper outlines a successful, innovative remedial strategy that, in conjunction with agency negotiation, afforded a property owner minimal financial expenditure and, at the same time, facilitated property cleanup and reuse. The strategy includes the delisting and sale of “clean” portions of the property to obtain the finances necessary to remediate the remaining “impacted” portion of the property. Previous investigations performed by EPA indicate the affected area to be a five to seven acre area located in the northeast portion of the property. Since a portion of the property was affected, significant restrictions for long-term use were placed on the entire property. A summary of environmental data generated for the property was prepared and submitted to the agency. This data summary communicated a strategy which was developed to delist and sell the “clean” portion of the property and to use the proceeds to clean up the affected property. To accomplish this, several tasks were outlined, including work-plan preparation and submittal, data collection, and interim remedial activities. In addition, a risk assessment is planned to identify potential threats to receptors downgradient of the impacted areas. This strategy allows the owner of an environmentally distressed property to use financial assets of the property to facilitate an acceptable solution with both regulatory agencies and the surrounding community. 相似文献