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501.
European policy responses to climate change: progress on mainstreaming emissions reduction and adaptation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
502.
503.
Alfredo Mahar Lagmay Jerico Mendoz Fatima Cipriano Patricia Anne Delmendo Micah Nieves Lacsaman Marc Anthony Moises Nicanor Pellejera III Kenneth Ni?o Punay Glenn Sabio Laurize Santos Jonathan Serrano Herbert James Taniz Neil Eneri Tingin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(9):39-47
Urban floods from thunderstorms cause severe problems in Metro Manila due to road traffic. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived topography, flood simulations and anecdotal reports, the root of surface flood problems in Metro Manila is identified. Majority of flood-prone areas are along the intersection of creeks and streets located in topographic lows. When creeks overflow or when rapidly accumulated street flood does not drain fast enough to the nearest stream channel, the intersecting road also gets flooded. Possible solutions include the elevation of roads or construction of well-designed drainage structures leading to the creeks. Proposed solutions to the flood problem of Metro Manila may avoid paralyzing traffic problems due to short-lived rain events, which according to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) cost the Philippine economy 2.4 billion pesos/day. 相似文献
504.
Trewavas A 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2005,92(9):401-413
Intelligent behavior is a complex adaptive phenomenon that has evolved to enable organisms to deal with variable environmental
circumstances. Maximizing fitness requires skill in foraging for necessary resources (food) in competitive circumstances and
is probably the activity in which intelligent behavior is most easily seen. Biologists suggest that intelligence encompasses
the characteristics of detailed sensory perception, information processing, learning, memory, choice, optimisation of resource
sequestration with minimal outlay, self-recognition, and foresight by predictive modeling. All these properties are concerned
with a capacity for problem solving in recurrent and novel situations. Here I review the evidence that individual plant species
exhibit all of these intelligent behavioral capabilities but do so through phenotypic plasticity, not movement. Furthermore
it is in the competitive foraging for resources that most of these intelligent attributes have been detected. Plants should
therefore be regarded as prototypical intelligent organisms, a concept that has considerable consequences for investigations
of whole plant communication, computation and signal transduction. 相似文献
505.
Identification of sex pheromone components of the pea midge, Contarinia pisi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ylva Hillbur Peter Anderson Heinrich Arn Marie Bengtsson Jan Löfqvist Anthony J. Biddle Olof Smitt Hans-Erik Högberg Ernst Plass Stephan Franke Wittko Francke 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1999,86(6):292-294
Three components in extract of pheromone glands of female pea midges, Contarinia pisi, were found to be active on male pea midge antennae by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection. The EAD
active components were identified as 2-acetoxytridecane, (2S,11S)-diacetoxytridecane, and (2S,12S)-diacetoxytridecane. A blend of these compounds proved to be highly attractive to males in windtunnel experiments.
Received: 12 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 26 january 1999 相似文献
506.
Extreme tidal events are one of the most predictable natural disturbances in marine benthic habitats and are important determinants
of zonation patterns in intertidal benthic communities. On coral reefs, spring low tides are recurrent disturbances, but are
rarely reported to cause mass mortality. However, in years when extremely low tides coincide with high noon irradiances, they
have the potential to cause widespread damage. Here, we report on such an event on a fringing coral reef in the central Great
Barrier Reef (Australia) in September 2005. Visual surveys of colony mortality and bleaching status of more than 13,000 corals
at 14 reef sites indicated that most coral taxa at wave-protected sites were severely affected by the event. Between 40 and
75% of colonies in the major coral taxa (Acropora, Porites, Faviidae, Mussidae and Pocilloporidae) were either bleached or suffered partial mortality. In contrast, corals at wave-exposed
sites were largely unaffected (<1% of the corals were bleached), as periodic washing by waves prevented desiccation. Surveys
along a 1–9 m depth gradient indicated that high coral mortality was confined to the tidal zone. However, 20–30% of faviid
colonies were bleached throughout the depth range, suggesting that the increase in benthic irradiances during extreme low
tides caused light stress in deeper water. Analyses of an 8-year dataset of tidal records for the area indicated that the
combination of extended periods of aerial exposure and high irradiances occurs during May–September in most years, but that
the event in September 2005 was the most severe. We argue that extreme low-tide, high-irradiance events are important structuring
forces of intertidal coral reef communities, and can be as damaging as thermal stress events. Importantly, they occur at a
time of year when risks from thermal stress, cyclones and monsoon-associated river run-off are minimal. 相似文献
507.
Anthony Johnson F. Susan Cowchock Marilyn Darby Ronald Wapner Laird G. Jackson 《黑龙江环境通报》1991,11(7):443-450
First-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels were measured in samples from 29 women with cytogenetically abnormal pregnancies and 145 women with cytogenetically normal pregnancies matched for gestational age, race, and sample storage time. All patients had a risk of fetal aneuploidy greater than or equal to that of a mother 35 years of age. AFP was significantly lower in samples from pregnancies affected with trisomy 21 (0.67 MoM;p <0.05), while HCG values were no different from those of matched controls. Trisomies 13 and 18 could not be distinguished from matched controls by AFP. However, levels of HCG were significantly lower in such pregnancy samples, with median values of 0.65 MoM in trisomy 13 and 0.32 MoM in trisomy 18 (p<0.05). Variations in AFP and HCG levels suggest that expressed differences between autosomal aneuploidies include differences in fetal and placenta! protein production in the first trimester. 相似文献
508.
Davies SJ Metcalfe SE Bernal-Brooks F Chacón-Torres A Farmer JG MacKenzie AB Newton AJ 《Ambio》2005,34(6):470-475
We provide evidence of rapid, recent environmental change in two lakes in the highlands of central Mexico. Multiple sediment cores were obtained from Lago de Zirahuén (Michoacán) and Laguna de Juanacatlán (Jalisco). Analysis of diatom assemblages, magnetic susceptibility, and metal concentrations was carried out, with the chronology provided by 210Pb dating, 14C dating, and tephrochronology. There is evidence of catchment disturbance during the colonial period in both basins, but the most striking feature at both sites is the rapid change in diatom assemblages during the last 20 y, indicating the onset of eutrophication. Limnological data from Lago de Zirahuén support this interpretation, although none are available from Laguna de Juanacatlán. Paleolimnology is a powerful tool in tracking recent change, particularly in the absence of regular limnological monitoring programs. These lakes appear to be highly sensitive to changes in catchment exploitation, which must be considered in future drainage basin management. 相似文献
509.
Column studies were conducted to determine the ability of ozone to degrade aniline and trifluralin in soil. Ozone rapidly degraded aniline from soil under moist soil conditions, 5% (wt). Removal of 77-98% of [UL-14C]-aniline was observed from soil columns (15 ml, i.d. = 2.5 cm), exposed to 0.6% O(3) (wt) at 200 ml/min after 4 min. Initial ozonation products included nitrosobenzene and nitrobenzene, while further oxidation led to CO(2). Ring-labeled-[UL-14C]-trifluralin removal rates were slower, requiring 30 min to achieve removals of 70-97%. Oxidation and cleavage of the N-propyl groups of trifluralin was observed, affording 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-aniline, 2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamine, and 2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-N-acetonyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzamine. Base solutions revealed that trifluralin was similarly oxidized to CO(2), where 72-83% of the activity recovered comprised 14CO(2). Use of ozone-rich water improved contaminant removal in trifluralin-amended soil columns, but did not improve removal in aniline, pentachloroaniline, hexachlorobenzene amended soil columns, suggesting that ozonated water may improve contaminant removal for reactive contaminants of low solubility. 相似文献
510.
Fisher Anthony Fullerton David Hatch Nile Reinelt Peter 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1995,29(3)
The question addressed by this study is how a large urban water district can best respond to a drought. Using a computer model of a representative district, we find that a combination of conjunctive use and water marketing is well over an order of magnitude cheaper than the traditional alternative of constructing new storage capacity. The indicated cost saving can be explained by the intermittent nature of the transfer, corresponding to the intermittent demand. Comparing costs to benefits, the consumer-surplus loss otherwise entailed by raising prices to cut back on consumption in the event of a drought, we find that construction of new storage does not pass a benefit/cost test, but introduction of conjunctive use/water marketing does. 相似文献