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121.
McGee BL Pinkney AE Velinsky DJ Ashley JT Fisher DJ Ferrington LC Norberg-King TJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,156(1-4):51-67
The Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) consists of complementary measures of sediment chemistry, benthic community structure, and sediment toxicity. We applied the SQT at 20 stations in the tidal portion of the Anacostia River from Bladensburg, MD to Washington, DC to establish a baseline of conditions to evaluate the effects of management actions. Sediment toxicity was assessed using 10-day survival and growth tests with the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca and the midge, Chironomus dilutus. Triplicate grabs were taken at each station for benthic community analysis and the Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) was used to interpret the data. Only one station, #92, exhibited toxicity related to sediment contamination. Sediments from this station significantly inhibited growth of both test species, had the highest concentrations of contaminants, and had a degraded benthic community, indicated by a B-IBI of less than 3. Additional sediment from this station was tested and sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures tentatively characterized organic compounds as the cause of toxicity. Overall, forty percent of the stations were classified as degraded by the B-IBI. However, qualitative and quantitative comparisons with sediment quality benchmarks indicated no clear relationship between benthic community health and contaminant concentrations. This study provides a baseline for assessing the effectiveness of management actions in the Anacostia River. 相似文献
122.
Ashley M. Jessick Thomas B. Moorman Joel R. Coats 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):735-740
Analytical methods to improve the detection of erythromycin in water and sediment were developed to optimize for erythromycin's recovery of extractable and bound residues from the aquatic environment. The objective of this study was to determine optimal recovery of erythromycin from water and sediment to improve its detection in environmental samples through solid-phase extraction (SPE) and sediment-extraction methods. SPE methods examined included previously reported methods for macrolide and sulfonamide antibiotics with erythromycin recoveries ranging from 75.5 % to 94.7 %. Extraction of erythromycin was performed from sand employing various solvents and buffers to determine the best method for extraction from two sandy loam pond sediments. Various extraction times were also examined, and all extraction procedures were performed in duplicate. The greatest recovery of 14C-erythromycin in the Iowa sediment was 84 % using 0.3 M ammonium acetate at pH 4.2: acetonitrile (15:85, v/v) solution. The Oklahoma sediment yielded the greatest recovery of 14C-erythromycin at 86.7 % with 0.3 M ammonium acetate at pH 7: acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) with a 60-minute shake time. The present results demonstrate improved extraction methods for enhancing the accuracy of erythromycin detection from environmental samples. 相似文献
123.
L.-J. Sally Liu Mark Krahmer Alvin Fox Charles E. Feigley Ashley Featherstone Anita Saraf 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1957-1967
ABSTRACT Bacterial cell envelope components are widely distributed in airborne dust, where they act as inflammatory agents causing respiratory symptoms. Measurements of these agents and other environmental factors are assessed in two elementary schools in a southeastern city in the United States. Muramic acid (MA) was used as a marker for bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were used as markers for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culturable bacteria were collected using an Andersen sampler with three different culture 相似文献
124.
Aiding multi-level decision-making processes for climate change mitigation and adaptation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Katherine A. Daniell María A. Máñez Costa Nils Ferrand Ashley B. Kingsborough Peter Coad Irina S. Ribarova 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):243-258
Progress towards climate change aware regional sustainable development is affected by actions at multiple spatial scales and
governance levels and equally impacts actions at these scales. Many authors and policy practitioners consider therefore that
decisions over policy, mitigation strategies and capacity for adaptation to climate change require construction and coordination
over multiple levels of governance to arrive at acceptable local, regional and global management strategies. However, how
such processes of coordination and decision-aiding can occur and be maintained and improved over time is a major challenge
in need of investigation. We take on this challenge by proposing research-supported methods of aiding multi-level decision-making
processes in this context. Four example regionally focussed multi-level case studies from diverse socio-political contexts
are outlined—estuarine management in Australia’s Lower Hawkesbury, flood and drought management in Bulgaria’s Upper Iskar
Basin, climate policy integration in Spain’s Comunidad Valenciana and food security in Bangladesh’s Faridpur District—from
which insights are drawn. Our discussion focuses on exploring these insights including: (1) the possible advantages of informal
research-supported processes and specifically those that provide individual arenas of participation for different levels of
stakeholders; (2) the complexity of organisation processes required for aiding multi-level decision-making processes; and
(3) to what extent progress towards integrated regional policies for climate change aware sustainable development can be achieved
through research-supported processes. We finish with a speculative section that provides ideas and directions for future research. 相似文献
125.
This study was conducted to determine the uptake of trace elements by the emergent wetland plant species Eleocharis equisetina at the historic Jumna tin processing plant, tropical Australia. The perennial emergent sedge was found growing in acid waters (pH 2.45) and metal-rich tailings (SnAsCuPbZn). E. equisetina displayed a pronounced acid tolerance and tendency to exclude environmentally significant elements (Al, As, Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, La, Ni, Pb, Se, Th, U, Y, Zn) from its above-substrate biomass. This study demonstrates that geobotanical and biogeochemical examinations of wetland plants at abandoned mined lands of tropical areas can reveal pioneering, metal-excluding macrophytes. Such aquatic macrophytes are of potential use in the remediation of acid mine waters and sulfidic tailings and the reclamation of disturbed acid sulfate soils in subtropical and tropical regions. 相似文献
126.
Ashley G.B. Willmott Alex Bliss William H. Simpson Steve M. Tocker Rowland Cottingham Neil S. Maxwell 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2018,24(1):118-128
Introduction. Cooling of the body is used to treat hyperthermic individuals with heatstroke or to depress core temperature below normal for neuroprotection. A novel, chemically activated, unpowered cooling device, CAERvest®, was investigated for safety and efficacy. Methods. Eight healthy male participants (body mass 79.9?±?1.9?kg and body fat percentage 16.1?±?3.8%) visited the laboratory (20 °C, 40% relative humidity) on four occasions. Following 30-min rest, physiological and perceptual measures were recorded. Participants were then fitted with the CAERvest® proof of concept (PoC) or prototype 1 (P1), 2 (P2) or 3 (P3) for 60 min. Temperature, cardiovascular and perceptual measures were recorded every 5 min. After cooling, the CAERvest® was removed and the torso checked for cold-related injuries. Results. Temperature measures significantly (p?0.05) reduced pre to post in all trials. Larger reductions in core and skin temperatures were observed for PoC (?0.36?±?0.18 and ?1.55?±?0.97 °C) and P3 (?0.36?±?0.22 and ?2.47?±?0.82 °C), compared with P1 and P2. No signs of cold-related injury were observed at any stage. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the CAERvest® is an effective device for reducing body temperature in healthy normothermic individuals without presence of cold injury. Further research in healthy and clinical populations is warranted. 相似文献
127.
Ashley K Song R Esche CA Schlecht PC Baron PA Wise TJ 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》1999,1(5):459-464
Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of ultrasonic extraction (UE), followed by portable anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), for the on-site determination of lead in environmental and industrial hygiene samples. The aim of this work was to conduct an interlaboratory evaluation of the UE-ASV procedure, with a goal of establishing estimates of method performance based on results from collaborative interlaboratory analysis. In this investigation, performance evaluation materials (PEMs) with characterized lead concentrations were used for interlaboratory testing of the UE-ASV procedure. The UE-ASV protocol examined has been promulgated in the form of two separate national voluntary consensus standards (one for UE and another for electroanalysis, which includes ASV). The PEMs consisted of characterized and homogenized paints, soils, and dusts (the last of which were spiked onto wipes meeting national voluntary consensus standard specifications), and air filter samples (mixed cellulose ester membrane) generated using characterized paints within an aerosol chamber. The lead concentrations within the PEMs were chosen so as to bracket pertinent action levels for lead in the various sample matrices. The interlaboratory evaluation was conducted so as to comply with an applicable national voluntary consensus standard that can be used to estimate the interlaboratory precision of a given analytical test method. Based on the analytical results reported by the participating laboratories, relative standard deviations (RSDs) for repeatability and reproducibility were computed for three different lead contents of the four PEMs. RSDs for repeatability were 0.019-0.100 for paints; 0.030-0.151 for soils; 0.085-0.134 for dust wipes; and 0.095-0.137 for air filters. RSDs for reproducibility were 0.127-0.213 for paints; 0.062-0.162 for soils; 0.085-0.134 for dust wipes; and 0.114-0.220 for air filters. With the exception of one of the air filter samples and one of the paint samples, the precision estimates were within the +/- 20% precision requirement specified in the US Environmental Protection Agency National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP). The results of this investigation illustrate that the UE-ASV procedure is an effective method for the quantitative measurement of lead in the matrices evaluated in this study. 相似文献
128.
Karen L. Bushaw‐Newton David D. Hart James E. Pizzuto James R. Thomson Jennifer Egan Jeffrey T. Ashley Thomas E. Johnson Richard J. Horwitz Melissa Keeley Joy Lawrence Don Charles Catherine Gatenby Daniel A. Kreeger Tim Nightengale Roger L. Thomas David J. Velinsky 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(6):1581-1599
ABSTRACT: Dam removal has been proposed as an effective method of river restoration, but few integrative studies have examined ecological responses to the removal of dams. In 1999, we initiated an interdisciplinary study to determine ecological responses to the removal of a 2 m high dam on lower Manatawny Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used an integrative monitoring program to assess the physical, chemical, and biological responses to dam removal. Following removal in 2000, increased sediment transport has led to major changes in channel form in the former impoundment and downstream reaches. Water quality did not change markedly following removal, probably because of the impoundment's short hydraulic residence time (less than two hours at base flow) and infrequent temperature stratification. When the impoundment was converted to a free flowing reach, the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in this portion of Manatawny Creek shifted dramatically from lentic to lotic taxa. Some fish species inhabiting the free flowing reach downstream from the dam were negatively affected by large scale sediment transport and habitat alteration following dam removal, but this appears to be a short term response. Based on our observations and experiences in this study, we provide a list of issues to evaluate when considering future dam removals. 相似文献
129.
Lyndon Alexander Jordan James Edward Herbert-Read Ashley J. W. Ward 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(3):449-455
When the costs of parental care do not scale with the number of offspring being cared for, inclusion of non-descendant young into broods can be advantageous, leading to systems of alloparental care. However, if the cost of care scales with the number of offspring, selection may act against misdirected parental care. The spiny chromis, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, is a marine fish with extended biparental care, and broods that increase in size over the care period strongly suggest that alloparental care occurs in this species. However, A. polyacanthus parents directly provision their offspring by producing ectodermal mucus for their fry to feed on. The costs of such provisioning may scale with brood size, potentially increasing the costs of parental care. Using wild A. polyacanthus pairs, we tested whether foreign offspring are accepted into established broods, and measured how brood defence effort and mucal feeding scale with brood size. We found that A. polyacanthus discriminate between their own and foreign young, vigorously expelling experimentally introduced foreign offspring. Although defensive effort did not scale with brood size, mucal feeding was strongly dependent on brood size, and this increasing cost of care likely acts as the primary selective force on parental discrimination and rejection of foreign fry in A. polyacanthus. 相似文献
130.
Jolyon J. Faria John R. G. Dyer Romain O. Clément Iain D. Couzin Natalie Holt Ashley J. W. Ward Dean Waters Jens Krause 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1211-1218
Collective animal behaviour has attracted much attention recently, but cause-and-effect within interaction sequences has often
been difficult to establish. To tackle this problem, we constructed a robotic fish (‘Robofish’) with which three-spined sticklebacks
(Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) interact. Robofish is a computer-controlled replica stickleback that can be programmed to move around a tank. First,
we demonstrated the functioning of the method: that the sticklebacks interacted with Robofish. We examined two types of interaction:
recruitment and leadership. We found that Robofish could recruit a single fish from a refuge and could initiate a turn in
singletons and in groups of ten, i.e. act as a leader. We also showed that the influence of Robofish diminished after the
first 30 min that fish spent in a new environment. Second, using this method, we investigated the effects of metric and topological
inter-individual distance on the influence that Robofish had on the orientation of fish in a shoal of ten. We found that inter-individual
interactions during this turn were predominantly mediated by topological, rather than metric, distance. Finally, we discussed
the potential of this novel method and the importance of our findings for the study of collective animal behaviour. 相似文献