岷江上游干旱河谷气候特征及成因

干旱河谷是我国民族多样性、文化多样性、环境异质性及生物多样性最为丰富的地区,以其较好的光热等条件成为整个川西地区人口和城镇分布集中的核心地带,但是由于日益增加的人口压力和随之而来的人地矛盾,加之干旱河谷脆弱的生态系统,引发了严重的水土流失、泥石流、山体滑坡等自然灾害.以岷江上游干旱河谷为例,探讨了干旱河谷气候成因的自然因素和人为因素,指出人类活动是叠加于自然因素作用之上的,不是起主导作用,大气环流、局地环流、地理位置和地形地势造就了当今干旱河谷气候形成,是干旱河谷气候形成的主要因素;其气候特征具有:(1)气温年较差小,日较差大,春季气温回升快,秋季下降迅速,≥10℃的积温大,持续时间较长,地温稳定,在冬、夏季均能对地温起调节作用,但在部分地段有极值出现,对作物和林木生长造成不利影响;(2)降水较充沛,干湿季明显,但由于蒸发量大,表现为全年水分亏损,从作物和林木生长而言,雨季的水分亏损更为严重;(3)日照充足,太阳辐射强烈等典型特征.     

麦秸与奶牛场废水高固体混合厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

在实验室条件下,以麦秸和奶牛场废水为原料,设计麦秸与奶牛场废水质量比1∶4(T1)、1∶3(T2)和1∶2(T3)以及对照(麦秸与水质量比1∶4(T4))4个处理,研究发酵过程中日产气量、甲烷含量、发酵前后麦秸理化特性和结构的变化.结果表明,奶牛场废水与麦秸在中温、高固体条件下,厌氧发酵可以正常进行,且产气期延长2周以上,对甲烷含量的影响不大;厌氧发酵初始TS浓度对系统产气的影响较大,麦秸产气量随TS浓度的增加而降低,以T1的产气效果最好,麦秸TS产气量为0.41 L.g-1,较T4提高了17.14%,平均甲烷含量为48.78%;厌氧发酵后,麦秸半纤维素含量大幅降低,纤维素含量少许降低,降低幅度均为T1>T2>T4>T3,木质素含量稍有增加,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);FTIR和XRD的结果表明,厌氧发酵后,麦秸纤维素结晶区的相对含量增加,混合发酵可以促进厌氧微生物对麦秸纤维素结晶区的破坏.将麦秸与奶牛场废水(质量比)1∶4混合发酵产沼气是可行的,且促进了厌氧微生物对麦秸有机物的分解破坏,提高了麦秸产气量.     

直升机尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限试验装置研制及应用

目的 获得尾部结构的疲劳寿命和检查周期,满足民用直升机适航验证要求,保证飞机的飞行安全,开展复合材料尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限试验技术研究。方法 介绍了尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限试验专用试验台、气动冲击设备、柔性自动特征扫描成像无损检测系统等的设计及研制,采用研制的成套试验装置,实现尾部结构试验件连接约束和载荷边界的全面真实模拟、复杂载荷谱的精确控制、冲击损伤缺陷预制及缺陷自动识别与检测。结果 经试验验证,载荷误差小于2%,冲击能量误差小于2%,缺陷检测误差小于1 mm,各项指标都满足项目研究目标和技术指标要求。结论 研究成果在民用直升机研制中得到了成功应用,可为后续其他直升机尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限疲劳试验提供良好的借鉴,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

成都市危险废物现状调查及污染控制对策研究

本文在对成都市危险废物产生及污染控制状况进行调查分析的基础上,结合国内外危险废物管理经验,提出了成都市危险废物控制的对策及建议。     

基于"泛珠三角"区域合作的云南省地缘经济关系

“泛珠三角”是在经济全球化和区域经济一体化背景下产生的。实现区域整合发展,达到整体利益最大化,不但有利于增强各省区经济社会发展的活力,而且有利于提升区域综合竞争力,参与世界分工。基于前期设计的区域间地缘经济关系测度和分析方法,对云南省基于“泛珠三角”区域合作的地缘经济关系进行了数量测度、类型判别、评价和分析,以期达到指导云南省发展策略的制定,参与区域经济合作的目的。     

Simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a continuous-flow two-sludge system

The ability of simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal was investigated in a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system. Alternating anaerobic and anoxic conditions were combined with contact oxidation stage for treating raw municipal wastewater. Long-term experiments showed that the contradiction of competing for the organic substrate between denitrifying bacteria and PAOs （phosphorus accumulating organisms） in traditional phosphorus and nitrogen removal system has been resolved. The system can adapt to low influent COD/TN ratio （C/N）. Furthermore the SRT （sludge retention time） of nitrifying sludge and denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge can be controlled at optimal conditions respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, TP, TN, and NH4-N was 81.78%, 92.51%, 75.75%, and 84.47% respectively. It was also found that the appropriate influent C/N should be controlled at the range of 3.8-6, while the optimal C/N to the system ranged between 4-5, and the BFR （bypass sludge flow rate） should be controlled at 0.35 around.     

难生物降解的呋吗唑酮模拟废水臭氧氧化的降解机理

采用臭氧氧化法对模拟废水中难生物降解的呋吗唑酮 (FTD)进行降解实验研究 ,藉助UV VIS ,IR ,1 H NMR谱图对反应机理进行了初步探讨 .研究表明 ,pH值显著影响臭氧氧化的反应机理 :酸性条件下 ,臭氧以自身氧化为主 ,可迅速破坏FTD分子的共轭结构 ,但氧化不彻底 ;只有在强碱性条件下且保持臭氧氧化始终以·OH自由基反应为主时 ,方能高效地对FTD分子及中间体进行取代、开环、破坏和氧化 ,生成二氧化碳、水、无机氮及少量残余甲醛、草酸和低级脂肪酸 ,持续反应可完全矿化 .     

Dibutyl phthalate adsorption characteristics using three common substrates in aqueous solutions

• DBP adsorption was tested using three kinds of substrates in constructed wetlands. • The DBP adsorption capacity followed the order: steel slag>gravel>shell sand. • High temperatures increased the DBP adsorption capacity in the substrates. • DOM consistently inhibited the DBP adsorption onto steel slag and gravel. In recent years, the presence and adverse impacts of phthalic acid esters in aquatic environments have gained increasing attention. This work investigated the adsorption behavior of a typical phthalic acid ester, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), onto steel slag, gravel, and shell sand (substrates commonly used in constructed wetlands). The influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on DBP adsorption was investigated using humic acid as a proxy for DOM. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of DBP to three substrates reached equilibrium within 96 h, and the adsorption kinetics were well fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The DBP adsorption isotherms were best fitted by the Langmuir adsorption model. The DBP adsorption capacity decreased in the order of steel slag>gravel>shell sand, with values of 656 mg/kg, 598 mg/kg, and 6.62 mg/kg at 25°C, respectively. DBP adsorbed to the surface of all substrates in a monolayer via an endothermic process. The DBP adsorption capacities of steel slag and gravel decreased as the DOM content increased. The DBP adsorption mechanisms to steel slag and gravel mainly involved the surface coordination of DBP with –OH or –COOH groups and electrostatic interactions. The results of this work suggest that steel slag and gravel may be ideal substrates for use in constructed wetlands to treat wastewater polluted with DBP.     

基于反距离加权插值法评价海域水质类别空间分布

空间插值技术可以对污染物分布状况进行面状连续表征,是对点位法评价的有效补充。笔者根据现行海水水质评价方法,类比给出近岸海域水质类别空间分布评价的流程:单指标空间插值-单指标水质分类-多指标水质类别判定。研究了反距离加权插值参数的选取方法,并以点位密度不同的全国近岸海域(开放型)和渤海海域(近封闭型)为例进行了插值实验。 结果表明:对目前的点位分布情况而言,全国近岸海域参数设为p=3,N=4, C=200m较为适宜;渤海海域参数为p=2,N=5,C=200m较为适宜。反距离加权插值法在开放海域的拟合效果要优于近封闭海域。