Colour and organic removal of biologically treated coffee curing wastewater by electrochemical oxidation method

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Future Greenhouse Gas and Local Pollutant Emissions for India: Policy Links and Disjoints

This paper estimates the future greenhousegas (GHG) and local pollutant emissions forIndia under various scenarios. Thereference scenario assumes continuation ofthe current official policies of the Indiangovernment and forecasts of macro-economic,demographic and energy sector indicators.Other scenarios analyzed are the economicgrowth scenarios (high and low), carbonmitigation scenario, sulfur mitigationscenario and frozen (development) scenario.The main insight is that GHG and localpollutant emissions from India, althoughconnected, do not move in synchronizationin future and have a disjoint under variousscenarios. GHG emissions continue to risewhile local pollutant emissions decreaseafter some years. GHG emission mitigationtherefore would have to be pursued for itsown sake in India. National energy securityconcerns also favor this conclusion sincecoal is the abundant national resource whilemost of the natural gas has to be imported.The analysis of contributing factors tothis disjoint indicates that sulfurreduction in petroleum oil products andpenetration of flue gas desulfurisationtechnologies are the two main contributorsfor sulfur dioxide (SO₂) mitigation.The reduction in particulate emissions ismainly due to enforcing electro-staticprecipitator efficiency norms in industrialunits, with cleaner fuels and vehicles alsocontributing substantially. These policytrends are already visible in India.Another insight is that high economicgrowth is better than lower growth tomitigate local pollution as lack ofinvestible resources limits investments incleaner environmental measures. Ouranalysis also validates the environmentalKuznets' curve for India as SO₂emissions peak around per capita GDP ofUS$ 5,300–5,400 (PPP basis) under variouseconomic growth scenarios.     

Brown marine algae turbinaria conoides as biosorbent for Malachite green removal: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling

In this study, the biosorption of Malachite green (MG) onto Turbinaria conoides, brown marine algae, was studied with respect to initial pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, and sorbent dosage. The optimum initial pH and temperature values for MG removal were found to be 8.0 and 30°C, respectively. Sorbent dosage was found to strongly influence the removal of MG. Equilibrium studies were carried out to test the validity of the Langmuir (q _max = 66.6 mg/g and b = 0.526 mL mol/L) and the Freundlich (n = 1.826 and K = 3.751 mg/g) isotherms. The kinetic studies indicated the validity of the pseudo first-order and second-order equation.     

Spatial variation of phosphorus fractionation in the coral reef sediments of Lakshadweep Archipelago,Indian Ocean

Surface sediments were collected from the shore and lagoons of Kavaratti, Kadamat and Agatti islands of Lakshadweep Archipelago during May 2015 and analysed for the spatial distribution of the micronutrient element, phosphorus. Phosphorus was separated by sequential extraction procedure into five fractions – exchangeable (Ex-P), iron bound, (Fe-P), calcium bound (Ca-P), organic and residual fractions (OP) and total phosphorus (TP). The average relative contribution of each P species to TP was: OP?>?Ca –P?>?Ex – P?>?Fe – P. The high concentration of organic and residual phosphorus (87–96%) compared to inorganic phosphorus is particularly evident at stations characterised by higher total phosphorus concentrations. Among the three forms of IP in the sediments, Ca-P was dominant at all stations. The OC/OP ratio ranged from 3 to 163 in the sediments, suggesting that the organic matter in sediments had been subjected to degradation. Hence, the major contribution towards organic and residual phosphorus form is from the residual fraction comprising biologically resistant or non-available phosphorus form composed of refractory materials. The concentration of phosphorus reported in the present study is higher than that of the earlier studies in Lakshadweep, indicating a terrestrial and anthropogenic in?uence on the sediment.     

Devicyprin induced gonadal impairment in a freshwater food fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Synthetic pyrethroids are the recent major class of broad spectrum, photostable, organic insecticides used in agricultural, domestic and veterinary applications and now account for more than 30% of global insecticide use. Cypermethrin is metabolized and eliminated significantly more slowly by fish than by mammals or birds, which may explain this compound's high toxicity in fish compared to other organisms. The present communication deals with histoanatomical alterations in the gonads of a local fresh water food fish, Channa punctatus exposed to 0.033 ppm (96 hr LC50 X 1/10) concentration of a synthetic pyrethroid, devicyprin (cypermethrin 25%) in aquatic medium of aged tap water for 15, 30 and 45 days respectively. In testis, exposure dependent histological damage has been observed in terms of vacuolization, condensation of spermatogonic cells, distortion of tubular epithelium, shrinkage of interstitial cells and general inflammatory responses. Longest exposure of 45 days has resulted in peculiar starry-sky appearance of the testicular tissue. Gross histo-anatomy of ovarian tissue reveals epithelial lesions, inflammatory responses, stromal hemorrhage, increased interstitium and shrinkage of yolk vesicles towards periphery These findings are quite suggestive of reproductive impairments leading to delayed gonadal maturity and adversely affecting processes of sperm production and ovulation and thus, the fish production.     

Biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter in the coral reefs of Lakshadweep Archipelago,Indian Ocean

Surface sediments were collected from the shore and lagoons of Kavaratti, Kadamat Agatti and Pitti islands of Lakshadweep Archipelago during May 2015 and analysed for biochemical composition and quality of organic matter. The biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter from the entire study area was characterised by the dominance of carbohydrates (CHO) followed by proteins (PRT) and finally lipids (LPD). PRT:CHO ratios were less than 1 and indicated the presence of aged organic matter in the islands. The poor nutritional quality of sediments to support benthic fauna was evident from the values of LPD:CHO ratios. The refractory nature of sediments and less availability of food to benthic source was supported by BPC:TOC ratios. Based on estimated ratios and biopolymeric carbon values, the trophic status of the study area was categorised as oligotrophic.     

Photochemical decomposition of tetrachlorovinphos

The photochemical degradation of tetrachlorovinphos in solvents and as a solid has been investigated. Photoproducts have been isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods and comparison with authentic samples. The rate of phototransformation of this compound has also been studied.     

氯代有机溶剂共降解研究进展

本文综述了有机氯溶剂的微生物共降解过程。多种多样的微生物能够通过共代谢途径降解有机氯溶剂。共降解是由微生物细胞内的关键酶进行的。影响共降解的主要因素包括关键酶的诱导 ,毒性抑制和自我恢复以及能量供应等。本文对共降解过程的机理和相关的数学模型进行了综合分析。在此基础上 ,提出了一个能够揭示共降解过程各种因素之间内在逻辑关系的结构模型 ,对于从细胞和酶两个层次上认识共降解过程具有重要的指导意义。     

Physiological effects of arsenate on transplant thalli of the lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl

Introduction

The changes in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, protein content, and antioxidant enzymes were investigated in a foliose lichen Pyxine cocoes, which was subjected to increasing concentrations of arsenate.

Methods

The arsenate concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200???M were sprayed every alternate day on the lichen thallus. The thalli were then harvested on 10, 20, 30, and 45?days.

Results

The quantity of photosynthetic pigments exhibited a decreasing trend till 20?days but increased from 30?days onwards. Concomitantly, chlorophyll fluorescence also showed a decreasing trend with increasing arsenic treatment duration as well as concentration. The higher concentration of arsenate was found to be deleterious to the photosynthesis of lichen as the chlorophyll fluorescence and the amount of pigments decreased significantly. The protein content of lichen increased uninterruptedly as the concentration of arsenate as well as duration of treatment increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxide increased initially at lower concentration of arsenate but declined at higher concentrations and longer duration of treatment.

Conclusions

The catalase activity was found to be most susceptible to arsenate stress as its activity started declining from very beginning of the experiment. P. cocoes also proved to be an excellent accumulator of arsenate whose concentration increased in the thallus corresponding to its increase in the treatment and duration. Thus, it can be utilized for active biomonitoring of arsenic pollution.     

Behaviour and Quantification Studies of Terbacil and Lenacil in Environmental Samples Using Cyclic and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode

The cyclic voltammograms of terbacil and lenacil at the hanging mercury drop electrode showed a single well defined four electron irreversible peak in universal buffer of pH 4.0 for both compounds. The peak potentials were shifted to more negative values on the increase of pH of the medium, implying the involvement of protons in the electrode reaction and that the proton transfer reaction precedes the proper electrode process. The four electron single peak may be attributed to the simultaneous reduction of carbonyl groups present in 2 and 4 in pyrimidine ring of terbacil and lenacil to the corresponding hydroxy derivative. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of the terbacil and lenacil onto the mercury electrode surface, a simple sensitive and low cost differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure was optimized for the analysis of terbacil and lenacil. The optimal operational conditions of the proposed procedure were accumulation potential E _acc = −0.4 V, accumulation time t _acc = 80 s, scan rate = 40 mV s⁻¹, pulse amplitude = 25 mV using a universal buffer pH 4.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The linear concentration range was found to be 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.2 × 10⁻⁹ mol/l and 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁸ mol/l with the lower detection limit of 1.22 × 10⁻⁹ and 2.0 × 10⁻⁸ mol/l. The correlation coefficient and relative standard deviation values are found to be 0.942, 0.996, 1.64% and 1.23%, respectively, for 10 replicants. The procedure was successfully applied for determination of terbacil and lenacil in formulations, mixed formulations, environmental samples such as fruit samples and spiked water samples.