Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from the Susquehanna River

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in 34 surface sediments along the Susquehanna River were investigated in 2000. The total concentrations of PAHs in the surface sediments of Lake Clarke, Lake Aldred, the upper Conowingo Reservoir, and the lower Conowingo Reservoir were 3.3+/-1.5 microg g-1 (n=9), 1.6+/-1.3 microg g-1 (n=4), 9.8+/-5.5 microg g-1 (n=7), and 4.0+/-1.2 microg g-1 (n=14), respectively. These represent the first comprehensive measurement of PAHs in Susquehanna River surface sediments. Overall, total PAH concentrations were relatively lower in Lake Aldred, which is more shallow and sloped, and significantly higher in the upper Conowingo Reservoir. The sediment PAH levels were related to river flow rates, which are indirectly correlated with the particle size of the surface sediments. Total PAH levels in all the studied sites were below the effects range median (ERM) of 44.8 microg g-1 with 38% (13 of the 34 sampling sites) exceeding the effects range low (ERL) of 4.02 microg g-1. Principal component analysis indicated that variations in the PAH compound patterns of each reservoir decreased from upstream to downstream, indicating that the surface sediments were mixed along the Susquehanna River. The PAH patterns in the lower Conowingo Reservoir sediments were a combination of those upstream sources. Source analysis using isomer ratios as indicators suggested that PAHs in the Susquehanna River surface sediment are derived from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline with coal as the major source of contaminants.     

The use of NTA and EDDS for enhanced phytoextraction of metals from a multiply contaminated soil by Brassica carinata

The potential of nine different species to grow in the presence of metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and to accumulate them in the shoots was assessed for each metal separately by germination and root length tests, and successively by hydroponic experiments. Of the nine species tested, Brassica carinata was the species that accumulated the highest amounts of metals in shoots without suffering a significant biomass reduction. To further evaluate the potential of B. carinata for chelant-enhanced phytoextraction of a natural, multiply metal-polluted soil (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn), both hydroponic and pot experiments were carried out with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or (S,S)-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) as complexing agents. The hydroponic study with solutions containing the five metals together showed that accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in shoots was higher following EDDS addition compared to NTA. EDDS was more effective than NTA in desorbing Cu, Pb and Zn from the soil, whereas As and Cd were poorly extracted. B. carinata plants were grown for 4 weeks in the multiply metal-contaminated soil and then the soil was amended with 5 mmol kg(-1) NTA or EDDS. All plants were harvested 1 week after amendment. In comparison to NTA, EDDS was more effective in enhancing the concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in B. carinata shoots (2- to 4-fold increase compared to the control). One week after chelant addition, the DTPA-extractable metal concentrations in the polluted soil were lower in the EDDS treatment in comparison with the NTA amendment. Even though B. carinata showed a reduced growth and a relatively low metal uptake, it demonstrated the ability to survive and tolerate the presence of more metals simultaneously.     

Acetylcholinesterase-polyaniline biosensor investigation of organophosphate pesticides in selected organic solvents

The behavior of an amperometric organic-phase biosensor consisting of a gold electrode modified first with a mercaptobenzothiazole self-assembled monolayer, followed by electropolymerization of polyaniline in which acetylcholinesterase as enzyme was immobilized, has been developed and evaluated for organophosphorous pesticide detection. The voltammetric results have shown that the formal potential shifts anodically as the Au/MBT/PANI/AChE/PVAc thick-film biosensor responded to acetylthiocholine substrate addition under anaerobic conditions in selected organic solvent media containing 2% v/v 0.05 M phosphate buffer, 0.1 M KCl (pH 7.2) solution. Detection limits in the order of 0.147 ppb for diazinon and 0.172 ppb for fenthion in acetone-saline phosphate buffer solution, and 0.180 ppb for diazinon and 0.194 ppb for fenthion in ethanol-saline phosphate buffer solution has been achieved.     

企业粉尘职业危害监督量化分级管理指标体系的筛选

目的是建立粉尘职业卫生监督量化分级管理指标体系,为企业的粉尘职业危害防治提供依据。对象与方法是以59名国内职业卫生领域专家为研究对象。通过编制的调查表,让专家依据各指标的重要程度打分。国内职业卫生领域符合条件的专家以电子邮件方式发送调查问卷70份,收回调查表59份。利用变异系数法,计算每一指标的平均分、变异系数和满分比,评价信度和效度,最终筛选确定粉尘企业职业危害监督量化分级管理的指标体系。结果如下,59名专家积极系数84.3%,8项一级指标和69项二级指标的平均值均超过2.5,变异系数均在50%以下,满分比均介于0-1之间,8项一级指标的克朗巴赫值均大于0.6,相关系数介于0.249-0.705之间。除预防措施和粉尘危害项目存在的问题外,其余均具有统计学意义。结论为企业粉尘职业危害监督量化分级管理指标体系经筛选包括8项一级指标和69项二级指标。     

公共部门危机学习动态过程及其知识管理研究

当前国内外对企业组织学习和危机管理的研究都已经较为成熟,在经历了几次大的危机之后,公共危机管理引起了我国许多学者的重视,但是关于高校危机学习的研究开展并不多,而国外的学者已经先一步提出了危机学习的概念并取得一些进展。随着危机种类越来越多,发生频率越来越高,高校必须要学习掌握应对危机的方法,并以此来教育学生。然而,无论是在危机管理中还是在组织学习中,知识管理都是不可或缺的一部分。因此本文以理论研究的方式,借鉴国内外学者对危机学习中知识管理的研究,希望能对高校危机学习的更深一步探索提供思路。     

省内公路可移动危险源的模糊综合安全预警

为了对公路可移动危险源进行有效控制,分析了影响公路可移动危险源危险程度的因素,采用模糊综合评判方法,并通过公路可移动危险源模糊预警系统实现了公路可移动危险源的实时综合安全预警.结果表明,此方法考虑危险因素较全面,且可在屏幕实时显示各公路可移动危险源的预警结果,有利于提高安全管理水平.     

大型商业建筑室内步行街商铺火灾荷载调查研究

以我国不同城市的5家大型商业建筑为调查对象,通过现场调查及数据统计分析等方法,对其室内步行街两侧329家商铺的火灾荷载进行调查研究。对不同经营业态商铺数量在所调查商铺总数中所占比例及其地面面积进行了统计,并且获得了商铺内部可燃物种类、数量、质量、分布等情况。按照不同的经营业态,对所调查店铺的火灾荷载密度进行了统计和计算,得出了3种不同分位值的火灾荷载密度,并比较分析了不同经营业态店铺的火灾荷载密度,为大型商业建筑火灾危险性分析及火灾场景设定提供了基础数据。     

烟台套子湾缘管浒苔绿潮成因及其对环境的影响

2009年5-7月,对烟台套子湾缘管浒苔绿潮发生海域进行6个航次监测,同时监测了6个主要陆源入海口.结果表明:缘管浒苔生物量与无机氮含量极显著正相关(r=0.928,p＜0.01),与活性磷酸盐含量显著正相关(r =0.888,p ＜0.05).无机氮、活性磷酸盐和COD在绿潮生长期间经历了快速下降和缓慢回升过程,硅酸盐则一直缓慢增加,pH值基本维持在8.1.缘管浒苔大量消耗营养盐,特别是在过量繁殖时期,海区营养盐大幅下降,呈贫营养化状态.此外,藻体过量繁殖抑制了浮游植物生长,叶绿素a明显偏低.藻体死亡后,异养细菌数量急剧增加.通过调查发现,适宜水文气象条件及陆源入海口附近较高的营养盐含量是缘管浒苔过量繁殖形成绿潮的重要诱因;优良的固着场所和多样化繁殖方式也为其过量增殖提供了必要条件.加强监测,及时打捞和采取科学合理的应对措施将有效抑制绿潮带来的危害.     

化学还原法处理电镀含铬废水的工程应用

用亚硫酸氢钠作还原剂处理含铬电镀废水时,不调节废水pH值会出现暂时定性检测不含六价铬的假象,过一段时间废水中又会出现六价铬,导致排水不达标.针对这一现象进行实验和工程实践,结果表明,不调节pH值增加亚硫酸氢钠的投加量和不增加亚硫酸氢钠投加量而pH值调节到3～4都能使处理后水质稳定,达到排放标准(GB21900-2008...     

天津滨海新区非点源污染负荷量估算

非点源污染过程复杂,结果不确定性大.为研究天津滨海新区非点源污染负荷,应用Johnes输出系数模型,在对非点源污染源统计分析的基础上,确定非农业人口、农业人口、大牲畜、猪、羊、家禽、水产养殖、农用地、建设用地和未利用地10种类型的非点源污染源,进而对天津滨海新区进入水体的非点源污染负荷进行估算,并就不同污染源对各种污染物的贡献情况分区域进行分析,计算等标污染负荷,确定主要的污染物和污染源.估算结果显示.对于天津滨海新区非点源总等标污染负荷,塘沽的值最大,大港次之,汉沽最小.1997-2008年,天津滨海新区非点源BOD、COD和TN负荷的最小值均出现在2000年,分别为6 546.59t、29 677.29 t和6 115.56 t;最大值均出现在2006年,分别为7 570.55t、33 431.32t和6 561.75t.TP负荷的最小值出现在1998年,为638.00 t;最大值仍然出现在2006年,为680.78 t.NH3-N负荷在12年间呈上升趋势,最小值出现在1997年,为4 452.98t;最大值出现在2008年,为476.08 t.多种污染物的最大值出现在2006年,这与当年非农业人口数昔增长较快,同时畜禽养殖数量和水产养殖面积又下降较慢有关.而1998年和2000年的水产养殖面积和非农业人口数量相对偏小,这造成了很多污染物在这两年呈现最小值.等标污染负荷的计算结果表明,主要的非点源朽染物为TN、NH3-N和TP,主要的非点源污染源为非农业人口、建设用地和水产养殖.