强化除磷型A/O-MBR工艺运行稳定性

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)处理合成的生活污水,考察了投加不同浓度的聚合氯化铝(PAC)对该工艺在除磷效能及运行稳定性方面的影响。结果表明,投加PAC可以有效降低出水TP的浓度;在投加量为150 mg/L时,TP的去除率达到最优,为90.1%,出水浓度维持0.48 mg/L左右,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级A标准。投加一定量的PAC可以有效提高微生物的活性;此外,可以降低污泥絮体的Zeta电位,增大污泥絮体的粒径,降低胞外聚合物(EPS)中多糖的浓度,进而有效延缓膜污染的速率。     

铁屑耦合生物麦饭石的PRB系统修复含铬酸根与硝酸根地下水

针对污染地下水中铬酸根和硝酸根迁移速度快,可渗透反应墙(PRB)常规活性材料修复效果差等问题,以铁屑、麦饭石和硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)为活性材料,构建4组耦合PRB动态柱修复地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3--N。结果表明,4#(铁屑、麦饭石和SRB)柱修复效果较1#(麦饭石)、2#(铁屑、麦饭石)和3#(麦饭石和SRB)柱好,且稳定,对Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3--N平均去除率分别是97.7%和97.34%,可见,以铁屑、麦饭石和硫酸盐还原菌为活性材料的耦合PRB系统修复地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3--N具有有效性与可行性。     

嗜油菌NY3对蜡质油污泥无害化处理

蜡质油污泥(WOS)成分复杂,含大量老化原油、蜡质油、沥青质及其他化学药剂,属危险性固体废弃物,大量排放已成为石化企业可持续发展的障碍。研究利用铜绿假单胞菌NY3处理高浓度WOS的条件,结果表明,WOS:木屑(m/m)(d=0.30 mm) 7:1并结合热熔分散为最佳油污泥预处理条件;液相降解体系含油量为24.5 g/L时,6 d内,油泥中C20以下的正构烷烃完全被去除,C21~C34和C35~C38大分子量正构烷烃去除率分别在91%~99%和78%~89%之间。添加鼠李糖脂能明显提高长链烃和多环芳烃的降解率。6 d内210 mg/L鼠李糖脂使C29~C38的降解率提高17.27%~36.65%,芘、菲分别提高13.67%和16.12%。添加葡萄糖和Fe2+的条件下,NY3菌可将油污泥转化成为糖蛋白,产量达28 g/L。     

中国工业水污染及其成因的de Bruyn模型分析

选取废水、挥发酚、氰化物、COD、石油类和氨氮为中国工业水污染指标,利用分解分析方法将2004—2010年间的污染变化分解为规模效应、结构效应、污染治理效应、清洁技术效应和广义技术效应。结果显示,这5类效应的平均作用强度分别为2.08%、3.04%、15.61%、17.37%和32.88%,其中规模效应和广义技术效应是影响工业水污染的主导效应。各类效应对不同污染物的作用方向并不完全一致,规模效应促进污染物排放量的增加;结构效应以加重污染为主,污染治理效应和清洁技术效应以减轻污染为主;广义技术效应的平均作用强度和负向作用概率均最大,是现阶段中国工业水污染控制最为有效的手段。     

硫酸盐还原菌污泥固定化特性

采用玉米芯为碳源,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为包埋载体,饱和硼酸(H3BO3)为交联剂,研究了硫酸盐还原菌污泥(SRBS)、铁屑、麦饭石共固处理合成煤矿酸性废水的最优配比与机理,并分析了固定化过程中小球稳定性及活性的变化规律。实验结果表明,SRBS投加量是影响处理效果的最显著因子,当投加30%SRBS、2%铁屑、3%麦饭石时SO42-、Mn2+去除率分别为94.13%和84.39%,溶液pH为7.03,未检测出Fe2+;随着交联时间的延长,小球膨胀率及SO42-还原率分别呈线性与指数下降,从保持小球稳定性与活性角度考虑,可将交联时间设定为4~8 h;该法可为市政污泥的处置以及生物法处理煤矿酸性废水的工程应用提供技术参考。     

PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的制备及其耐污染性能

首先将聚乙二醇单甲基甲醚酯(PEGMA)接枝到聚醚砜(PES)上得到PES-g-PEGMA,然后利用溶液共混的方法,将聚氯乙烯(PVC)与PES-g-PEGMA共混,通过溶剂-非溶剂扩散诱导相分离法(NIPS)制备PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜。在此基础上对PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的断面和表面微观结构、水通量、 截留率、机械性能及耐污染等性能进行测试,并采用接触角,含水率(EWC),X 射线光电子能谱仪(XPS) 来表征PES-g-PEGMA 的质量百分含量对 PVC/PES-g-PEGMA 共混膜亲水性的影响。结果表明,PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜水通量,亲水性较纯PVC有很大程度的提高。耐污染性实验表明,随着PES-g-PEGMA的增加,耐污染性逐渐增强。实验结果同时也表明,该共混体系最佳共混比为7:3。     

In situ hydrothermal fabrication of visible light-driven g-C3N4/SrTiO3 composite for photocatalytic degradation of TC

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A series of g-C3N4/SrTiO3 (CN/SrTiO3) composites with the different mass ratio of g-C3N4 were prepared by facile in situ hydrothermal growth method,...     

电动单梁起重机吊具冲顶引发起升电机坠落事故分析

针对一起电动单梁起重机吊具冲顶并引发起升电机坠落的起重作业事故,分析了事故起重机电气控制系统和现场紧急处置中存在的问题,指出了导致事故发生的直接原因和主要原因;并从完善起重机电气控制系统本质安全性和加强起重机械使用安全管理的角度提出了相应建议和意见,对预防类似事故的发生具有借鉴作用.     

基于DFTA的电梯制动器可靠性分析

电梯制动器是电梯最重要的安全部件之一,故研究其可靠性具有重要意义.首先分析了电梯制动器的故障机理并建立了动态故障树模型,其次利用二元决策图和马尔科夫方法对故障树进行了分析计算,得到了影响系统可靠性的相关指标以及制动器的薄弱环节,最后提出了改进措施和建议,为电梯制动器的设计、维修保养及检验提供了科学依据.     

Effects of leachate accumulation on landfill stability in humid regions of China

Leachate levels are important to landfill stability and safety. High leachate or water levels often lead to landfill instability, which can cause accidents. Here a case study of a landfill located in a humid region of southern China is presented. Leachate distribution and quality were systematically analyzed, and the effect of leachate level on waste-mass stability was assessed. Boreholes were drilled in the field, samples were analyzed in the laboratory, and a simulation was performed. In addition, the safety and stability of the landfill was evaluated. The leachate level in the landfill was 9–19 m, which was higher than the top of the dam crest (8–20 m). Leachate accounted for more than 1/4 of the total landfill storage capacity. The contaminant concentration of the leachate samples collected directly from the waste body was very high, with large variation among the samples. The mean concentrations of NH₃–N, BOD, and COD from the waste body were 5404, 14,136, and 22,691 mg/L, nearly 2.7, 2.4, and 1.8 times the mean concentrations in the leachate pond, respectively. Three series of shear strength parameters were used in a slope stability analysis, and a limit equilibrium method was used to calculate the factor of safety (Fs). The analysis showed that Fs could be affected by potential anisotropy in the shear strength of the waste. The minimum values of Fs corresponding to series I were 1.84 and 1.17 for units ? and II, respectively. The Fs value of unit II was significantly lower than the safe design value (1.25). In addition, Fs decreased with increase in the normalized height of the leachate level, h/H, where h is the height of the leachate mound and H is the maximum thickness of the landfill. If the h/H values of units I and II are kept below 50% and 40%, respectively, a safe design value of 1.25 for Fs can be guaranteed. Therefore, some measures to prevent risk should be considered.