Characterization of a new smog chamber for evaluating SAPRC gas-phase chemical mechanism

A new state-of-the-art indoor smog chamber facility (CAPS-ZJU) has been constructed and characterized at Zhejiang University, which is designed for chemical mechanism evaluation under well-controlled conditions. A series of characterization experiments were performed to validate the well-established experimental protocols, including temperature variation pattern, light spectrum and equivalent intensity (J_NO2), injection and mixing performance, as well as gases and particle wall loss. In addition, based on some characterization experiments, the auxiliary wall mechanism has been setup and examined. Fifty chamber experiments were performed across a broad range of experimental scenarios, and we demonstrated the ability to utilize these chamber data for evaluating SAPRC chemical mechanism. It was found that the SAPRC-11 can well predict the O₃ formation and NO oxidation for almost all propene runs, with 6 hr Δ(O₃ – NO) model error of –3% ± 7%, while the final O₃ was underestimated by ~20% for isoprene experiments. As for toluene and p-xylene experiments, it was confirmed that SAPRC-11 has significant improvement on aromatic chemistry than earlier version of SAPRC-07, although the aromatic decay rate was still underestimated to some extent. The model sensitivity test has been carried out, and the most sensitive parameters identified are the initial concentrations of reactants and the light intensity as well as HONO offgasing rate and O₃ wall loss rate. All of which demonstrated that CAPS-ZJU smog chamber could derive high quality experimental data, and could provide insights on chamber studies and chemical mechanism development.     

基于PEI的我国环境与经济绩效评价

当前以GDP增长为主的地方政府绩效考核体系对环境保护等公共服务激励不足,导致地方政府的环境保护绩效不理想.在参考资源、环境和经济综合评价相关研究成果的基础上,采用GDP与污染物排放关联分析的方法,构建了PEI（pollution&economy index,污染与经济指标）,从环境代价和经济效益两个维度评价区域环境与经济发展的协调程度.以2007—2016年《中国统计年鉴》和《中国环境统计年鉴》数据为基础,通过计算GDP和污染物排放当量（COD_Cr、氨氮、SO₂、NO_x）,对我国30个省（市）区的环境与经济绩效（不含港澳台及西藏自治区的数据,下同）进行了分析与评价.结果表明,2006—2015年全国平均GDP与平均污染物排放当量的比值总体上呈上升趋势,多年平均增长率高达13.66%,我国的总体环境与经济效益有所改善.从PEI全国排名来看,PEI优于全国平均水平的省（市）区数量有所增加（由原来的9个增至12个）.2015年PEI排名前三位的依次为北京、上海和天津,而排名落后的3个省区依次为宁夏、新疆和甘肃.研究显示,PEI模型计算简单,可对不同发展阶段的省（市）区进行相对客观的评价,具有较高的稳定性和可操作性,对优化现有政府绩效考核指标具有重要的参考价值.      

大庆市畜禽养殖环境污染解决对策与研究

随着大庆市畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽养殖过程中产生的粪便、尿液及其他物质处理不及时,会对环境造成污染、人体产生危害,特别是近年来社会环境意识不断加强,长期积累的畜禽养殖污染问题越发凸显出来.2015年,大庆市畜禽养殖业化学需氧量、氨氮的排放量分别为11.62万吨、0.2万吨,占全市总排放量的84.94％、37.99％,占农业源排放量的99.9％、89.79％,畜禽养殖业已成为农业面源污染的主要根源.根据大庆市畜禽养殖的污染及减排现状,分析了畜禽养殖污染存在的问题及成因,提出了科学的污染防治对策,为保护大庆市生态环境、促进畜禽养殖业发展提供参考.     

Source apportionment of DDTs in maricultured fish: a modeling study in South China

Fish is one of the most important nutrition sources for humanity. Contaminant exposure risk in fish farming will eventually deliver to the crowd through diet. China is the largest fish producing as well as exporting country, where mariculture plays an important role in fish production, especially in South China. Previous investigations indicated that a variety of compartments in farming areas of South China Sea were polluted by persistent organic pollutants, including DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its derivatives, some of which is designated as DDTs. In the present study, Hailing Bay and Daya Bay of Guangdong Province, China, were selected as the study sites and DDTs as the target compounds. A fish enrichment model was developed to assess the relative contributions of various pathways to the mass loadings of DDTs in the fish. Average concentrations (and concentration ranges) of DDTs in various environmental compartments of Hailing Bay and Daya Bay were included in modeling and analysis. Modeling results indicated that fish food and seawater contributed approximately the same proportions for the DDTs in maricultured fish. Antifouling paint was supposed to be the primary source of water DDTs in mariculture zone of Hailing Bay and Daya Bay, which contributed 69 % of the total DDTs to the mariculture water. We suggest that in order to protect people from consuming highly contaminated maricuture zone fish, the most effective and feasible methods are using environment-friendly antifouling paint and applying less polluted fish food in the fish reproduction process.     

南四湖南阳湖区河口与湖心沉积物重金属形态对比研究

湖泊河口区与湖心区沉积条件不同,沉积物重金属等内源污染物的分布亦可能存在较大区别.为比较河口区与湖心区沉积物重金属赋存形态的空间差异,利用柱状沉积物采样器在南四湖南阳湖区湖心和河口分别获取原位柱状沉积物,在比较分析沉积物孔隙度、有机质、粒度及典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg)各形态垂向分布特征的基础上,对其相关性进行分析,并对表层(0~4 cm)沉积物重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,除Cd外,河口区沉积物Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg含量较湖心区高,泗河为南阳湖区重金属污染物的来源之一,沉积物重金属各形态含量在垂向分布上规律性不明显,且均主要以残渣晶格结合态存在,5种重金属元素中,Hg残渣晶格结合态所占比重最小(约30%),具有较高的迁移性,存在相对较大的生态风险.地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法研究结果表明,河口区与湖心区表层沉积物均受Hg及Cd的污染较重,Pb、Cu、Cr污染较轻,潜在生态危害指数法所得污染级别较地积累指数法高.相关性分析表明,沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg总量、可交换态、有机物及硫化物结合态、残渣晶格结合态含量与沉积物孔隙度、有机质相关系数多为正值,同粒度相关系数多为负值,同碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的相关系数各异,无明显规律.     

河南油田GIS设备漏气故障分析与处理

介绍了河南油田GIS设备漏气故障的处理方法,分析了漏气的原因,提出了相应的防范措施.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

Distribution characteristics and indicator significance of Dechloranes in multi-matrices at Ny-lesund in the Arctic

In recent years, Dechloranes have been widely detected in the environment around the world.However, understanding and knowledge of Dechloranes in remote regions, such as the Arctic,remain lacking. Therefore, the concentrations of 5 Dechloranes in surface seawater, sediment,soil, moss, and dung collected from Ny-lesund in the Arctic were measured with the concentrations 93 pg/L, 342, 325, 1.4, and 258 pg/g, respectively, which were much lower than those in Asian and European regions. The mean ratios of anti-Dechlorane Plus(DP) to total DP(fanti) in seawater, sediment, soil, moss, dung, and atmospheric samples were 0.36, 0.21, 0.18,0.27, 0.66, and 0.43, respectively. Results suggested that the main source of DP in seawater,sediment, soil, and moss was long-range atmospheric transport. However, the ratio identified in dung was different, for which the migration behavior of the organism is probably the main source of DP.     

水切割技术在拆除废弃井井口盲板施工中的应用

在废井井口盲板拆除过程中,应用水切割技术安全切除了井口盲板,避免了井口的动火作业,为高风险区域拆除作业提供了一种安全做法.