北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

雨水径流热污染的危害及控制策略分析

在城市化地区,雨水径流往往携带大量不透水下垫面富集的热量汇入受纳水体,从而对其造成热污染。目前,针对雨水径流热污染危害的研究及其控制标准和技术手段等方面均存在缺失。阐述了雨水径流热污染产生的原因及其对水生生物和水体环境的影响,对评价热污染负荷的常用参数、控制径流热污染的政策标准和技术手段等进行了分析,提出了雨水设施、项目或片区径流热污染负荷削减控制的量化计算方法,对目前我国常用雨水源头减排设施对径流热污染的控制效能进行了适用性分析,并结合我国实情给出了雨水径流热污染防治的对策和建议。     

生活饮用水中六六六、滴滴涕、六氯苯测定方法的优化

文章综合现有国标中关于六六六(BHC)、滴滴涕(DDT)和六氯苯(HCB)测定方法,在此基础上,通过改变取样量、萃取剂量、分离程序等进行方法优化和验证,采用时间定性,外标法定量。实验结果表明,利用InertCap 5石英毛细管柱、电子捕获检测器进行测定,在0.025～0.5μg/L添加水平下,六六六、滴滴涕、六氯苯9种物质的平均回收率为92.5%～104.3%,相对标准偏差为0.9%～4.5%,方法检出限为0.01～0.04μg/L。优化后的方法具有试剂用量少,操作简单、快速,灵敏度、回收率、精密度和准确度高等优点,具有实用价值。     

菌株Enterobacter sp. L6异化Fe(III)还原及Cr(VI)还原的性质分析

Cr（VI）是一种毒性极强的重金属,利用微生物还原Cr（VI）为Cr（III）是解决Cr（VI）污染的一条有效途径。菌株Enterobacter sp. L6是一株分离自海洋沉积物中的异化铁还原细菌。接种时细胞密度A₆₀₀为（0.25±0.03）,培养12 h,A₆₀₀达到（1.04±0.05）,累积产生Fe（II）浓度为（0.80±0.03）mmol/L;随着培养时间的延长,细胞密度A₆₀₀和累积产生Fe（II）浓度开始下降;培养36 h时,细胞密度A₆₀₀为（0.81±0.04）,累积Fe（II）浓度（0.63±0.01）mmol/L。在厌氧培养过程中,菌株L6细胞生长与异化还原Fe（III）性质存在明显的偶联关系。利用菌株L6的异化铁还原性质还原Cr（VI）的实验结果表明,在Cr（VI）浓度0～24 mg/L范围内,异化铁还原细菌L6都能进行细胞生长并还原Cr（VI）。Cr（VI）浓度为4、8和12 mg/L时,菌株L6对Cr（VI）还原率可达到100%,当Cr（VI）浓度为16 mg/L时,Cr（VI）还原率是参比[未添加Fe（III）]的2.11倍。Cr（VI）浓度为20、24 mg/L时,仍能够还原Cr（VI）。以Fe（III）为电子受体的异化铁还原细菌能明显提高Cr（VI）还原率,这为利用微生物修复Cr（VI）污染提供实验数据支持。     

污水处理厂对漓江桂林市区河段淡水生物中微塑料累积的影响

微塑料（粒径<5 mm）作为一种新型污染物近年来引起广泛关注.本文通过收集污水处理厂尾水、污水处理厂在漓江支流桃花江的排口（S1）、桃花江和漓江干流的汇合处（S2）和支流汇合处的下游（S3）的表层水体、沉积物以及4种典型淡水生物样品,研究了污水处理厂尾水排放对淡水生物体内微塑料污染特征和空间分布的影响.结果表明,淡水生物中微塑料的检出率为94.2%.污水处理厂在漓江支流桃花江的排口S1（2.7 n ·ind^-1）淡水生物中的微塑料平均丰度显著高于排放口下游的漓江干流桂林市区河段S3（1.9 n ·ind^-1,P<0.05）.S1和S3生物体中的微塑料粒径均以<0.10 mm为主,占比分别为46.0%和30.5%.生物体中的微塑料仅有纤维一种类型,S1中主要的聚合物类型为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,S3生物中主要的聚合物类型为聚丙烯.污水处理厂尾水排放在一定程度上影响了淡水生物中微塑料累积.     

Estimation of Human Norovirus Infectivity from Environmental Water Samples by In Situ Capture RT-qPCR Method

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are highly infectious viruses for which water is an important medium of transmission. In this study, we explored a new in situ capture RT-qPCR (ISC-RT-qPCR) methodology to estimate the infectivity of HuNoV in environmental water samples. This assay was based on capturing encapsidated HuNoV by viral receptors, followed by in situ amplification of the captured viral genomes by RT-qPCR. We demonstrated that the ISC-RT-qPCR did not capture and enable signal amplification of heat-denatured Tulane Virus (TV) and HuNoVs. We further demonstrated that the sensitivity of ISC-RT-qPCR was equal or better than that of conventional RT-qPCR procedures for the detection of HuNoV GI and GII. We then utilized the ISC-RT-qPCR to detect HuNoV in environmental water samples for comparison against that from a conventional RT-qPCR procedure. TV was used as a process control virus. While complete inhibition of TV genomic signal was observed in 27% of samples tested by RT-qPCR, no inhibition of TV genomic signal was observed by ISC-RT-qPCR. From 72 samples tested positive for HuNoV GI signal by RT-qPCR, only 20 (27.8%) of these samples tested positive by ISC-RT-qPCR, suggesting that 72.2% of RT-qPCR-positive samples were unlikely to be infectious. From 16 samples tested positive for HuNoV GII signal by RT-qPCR, only one of these samples tested positive by ISC-RT-qPCR. Five samples that had initially tested negative for HuNoV GII signal by RT-qPCR, was tested as positive by ISC-RT-qPCR. Overall, ISC-RT-qPCR method provided an alternative assay to estimate infectivity of HuNoV in environmental samples.     

包埋活性污泥反硝化性能的快速提高及群落分析

为了快速提高以污水厂反硝化池污泥为菌源的反硝化包埋填料的活性,实现包埋固定化的工程化应用,探究包埋填料的微生物群落特性,采用批次实验研究不同碳氮比、温度、pH对包埋填料活性的影响,并采用高通量测序研究包埋填料的生物群落特性.结果表明,C/N为10、温度为30℃、pH为7.5±0.3时,经过7 d即可恢复5.37 mg·(g·h)~(-1)的初始活性.在C/N为10,温度为25℃,pH为8.0的最优培养条件下,15 d后比反硝化速率即增大15倍至80.17 mg·(g·h)~(-1)并实现稳定运行.SEM结果显示包埋填料内部存在大量利于传质的通道,内部的细菌呈团簇状生长良好.高通量测序表明,包埋填料中具有反硝化功能的Thauera和Thermomonas为优势菌属,所占比例分别为24.27%和8.23%,保证了反硝化填料脱氮的高效性.Thauera优势菌属和Thermomonas菌属在最优培养条件下快速增殖是填料活性快速提高的主要原因.     

低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)膜对内分泌干扰物的动态富集研究

低密度聚乙烯膜(Low-Density Polyethylene,LDPE)在有机物原位被动采样中具有使用简便、耗用量少、成本低廉的优点,但在内分泌干扰物(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,EDCs)被动采集方面鲜见应用,有关其平衡分配系数(KLDPE)也不十分清楚.基于此,本文选取7种EDCs,包括双酚A(BPA)、壬基酚(4-NP)、辛基酚(4-t-OP)、雌酮(E1)、β17-雌二醇(E2)、三氯生(TCS)和三氯卡班(TCC),室内模拟LDPE原位动态富集过程,探究了环境因素(温度、pH)对LDPE富集效果的影响,并确定了不同EDCs在LDPE上的富集参数(KLDPE).研究发现,溶液温度升高可以加速LDPE膜对EDCs的吸附,在过低温度条件下(实验设置为4℃),EDCs较难达到膜-水分配平衡;溶液pH对于不同EDCs的影响不尽相同,这可能是因为不同pH条件下EDCs在溶液中形态差异明显,进而影响其在LDPE膜-水之间的分配平衡;7种EDCs的KLDPE实测值均低于各自的经验理论值,这主要由于经验理论值计算过程中未考虑达到分配平衡时有机物从LDPE膜上的解吸附过程,且只考虑了EDCs在膜-水两相之间的平衡.上述结果表明,为提高被动采样测定环境样品中EDCs的准确性,在尽量与实际条件相似的室内条件下获取KLDPE实测值是非常必要的.     

腐蚀失效分析与装置的安全运行

概述了石化设备失效类型,对石化设备腐蚀失效分析的方法和步骤进行了归纳,分析了部分典型腐蚀失效案例。对腐蚀失效分析在延长设备使用寿命、避免同类失效事故发生方面所起的作用进行了阐述,提出腐蚀失效分析是石化装置长周期安全运行的重要技术支撑。     

Rapid degradation of dyes in water by magnetic Fe/Fe3O4/graphene composites

Magnetic Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene has been successfully synthesized by a one-step reduction method and investigated in rapid degradation of dyes in this work. The material was characterized by N₂ sorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene had a layered structure with Fe crystals highly dispersed in the interlayers of graphene, which could enhance the mass transfer process between Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene and pollutants. Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene exhibited ferromagnetism and could be easily separated and re-dispersed for reuse in water. Typical dyes, such as Methyl Orange, Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet, could be decolorized by Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene rapidly. After 20 min, the decolorization efficiencies of methyl orange, methylene blue and crystal violet were 94.78%, 91.60% and 89.07%, respectively. The reaction mechanism of Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene with dyes mainly included adsorption and enhanced reduction by the composite. Thus, Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄/graphene prepared by the one-step reduction method has excellent performance in removal of dyes in water.