复配逆胶束体系中漆酶催化性能研究

在由鼠李糖脂和Tween-80构建而成的复配逆胶束媒介研究了漆酶的催化性能.采用紫外法考察了Tween-80摩尔含量、逆胶束含水量、水相酸碱度、水相盐度以及助表面活性剂种类等反应条件对漆酶催化性能的影响.研究结果表明,反应的最佳条件:Tween-80的摩尔含量为30%,体系含水量为20,缓冲溶液pH为4.5,KCI浓度为70mmol/L,助表面活性剂正己醇.并且在最佳条件下,漆酶在复配逆胶束体系中的酶活比在单相鼠李糖脂逆胶束中高1.44倍,比在水溶液中高4.35倍,研究结果表明复配表面活性剂在构建胶束酶学上具有很大的潜力.     

Ammonia volatilization from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin, China

Ammonia(NH_3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen(N) loss from soil-crop systems.As vegetable cultivation is one of the most important agricultural land uses worldwide,a deeper understanding of NH_3 volatilization is necessary in vegetable production systems.We therefore conducted a 3-year(2010–2012) field experiment to characterize NH_3 volatilization and evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer treatments on this process during the growth period of Chinese cabbage.Ammonia volatilization rate,rainfall,soil water content,p H,and soil NH_4~+were measured during the growth period.The results showed that NH_3 volatilization was significantly and positively correlated to topsoil p H and NH4+concentration.Climate factors and fertilization method also significantly affected NH_3 volatilization.Specifically,organic fertilizer(OF) increased NH_3 volatilization by 11.77%–18.46%,compared to conventional fertilizer(CF,urea),while organic–inorganic compound fertilizer(OIF) reduced NH_3 volatilization by 8.82%–12.67% compared to CF.Furthermore,slow-release fertilizers had significantly positive effects on controlling NH_3 volatilization,with a 60.73%–68.80% reduction for sulfur-coated urea(SCU),a 71.85%–78.97% reduction for biological Carbon Power~#174; urea(BCU),and a 77.66%–83.12% reduction for bulk-blend controlled-release fertilizer(BBCRF)relative to CF.This study provides much needed baseline information,which will help in fertilizer choice and management practices to reduce NH_3 volatilization and encourage the development of new strategies for vegetable planting.     

大清河水系河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征

沉积物中重金属污染是影响河流水生态系统健康的重要因素.本文采集大清河水系河流表层沉积物,分析了沉积物粒径分布、沉积物中有机质及6种重金属的含量,并采用富集系数法和生态危害指数法进行了重金属的来源解析和风险评价.结果表明:大清河水系河流表层沉积物粒径分布以粉砂为主,占51.27%,砂、黏土所占比例较低,分别为38.56%和10.17%;沉积物中有机质平均含量达到3.94%,且平原/滨海段含量较高;6种重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均值分别为0.68、110.28、73.91、34.74、32.01和227.88 mg·kg-1,均超出背景值.Cd、Cu和Zn的富集系数分别为5.90、2.69和2.15,以人为来源为主;潜在生态危害指数大小顺序为Cd(217.38)Cu(16.05)Pb(7.45)Ni(5.64)Cr(3.23)Zn(2.91),其中Cd呈很强生态危害;重金属综合潜在生态危害表明,大清河水系河流表层沉积物整体处于中度生态危害(RI=253.56).此外,随沉积物中有机质含量增加,Cu和Zn含量增加;随沉积物粒径中值增大,Cd含量增加.     

反硝化除磷系统中PHB红外光谱解析及其与磷去除率的相关性

为快速、准确测定生物除磷系统中微生物细胞内w(PHB)(PHB为poly-β-hydroxy butyrate,聚-β-羟基丁酸酯)并及时预测PO₄3--P去除率,采用红外光谱法对微生物细胞内PHB的转化规律进行解析,并结合气相色谱法建立w(PHB)的快速测定模型,研究w(PHB)减少量与PO₄3--P去除率的相关性. 结果表明:反硝化除磷系统中微生物细胞内PHB的特征峰位于波数1 730 cm-1处,PHB特征峰的吸光度与w(PHB)的增减趋势相同. 采用PLS(partial least squares,偏最小二乘法)对反硝化除磷系统中微生物细胞内PHB特征峰吸光度与w(PHB)建立PLS模型,对w(PHB)的校正和预测时的相关系数(R2)分别达到0.963 0、0.951 4,其均方根误差分别为0.031 0、0.037 9. 根据预测结果,进一步建立了反硝化除磷缺氧段w(PHB)减少量与PO₄3--P去除率的相关关系,相关系数为0.979 0. 研究表明,利用PLS模型对反硝化除磷系统中PHB红外光谱解析能够快速、准确地表征反硝化除磷系统中微生物细胞内w(PHB)的变化,并能进一步预测PO₄3--P去除率.      

基于综合治理和水文模型的广西县域石漠化小流域区划研究

以小流域为单元布置各项石漠化治理工程,是国家开展石漠化综合治理的主体内容。研究基于石漠化综合治理的理念,厘定石漠化小流域概念体系。首先,运用数字高层模型数据,在Arc GIS水文模型的支持下,划分几何小流域;在此基础上,综合考虑石漠化综合治理实践经验,结合岩溶地下流域,生成实体小流域。根据小流域的自然地理背景,对实体小流域进行聚类,得到4种小流域类型,针对每种类型分别推广适宜的石漠化治理模式;最后,根据石漠化综合治理的需要,从实体小流域中选择出少数适宜安排治理工程的治理小流域,并将结果应用于天等县和环江县等石漠化综合治理工程中。     

滏阳河表层沉积物重金属污染现状分析及风险评价

针对海河流域重金属污染严重问题,选择海河南系滏阳河作为研究对象,研究表层沉积物中6种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb)含量空间分布特征,采用富集系数(EF)和相关性探讨其来源,并利用地积累指数和潜在生态危害指数评价重金属生态风险.结果表明,滏阳河表层沉积物存在重金属污染问题,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb平均含量分别高达142 mg·kg-1、38.2 mg·kg-1、96.2 mg·kg-1、573 mg·kg-1、0.730mg·kg-1和89.2 mg·kg-1,各元素分别超标河北省环境背景值的1.1倍、0.2倍、3.4倍、6.3倍、7.1倍和3.1倍;沉积物中Ni无重金属富集,其它元素在整个河段上存在不同程度的富集,且Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb 4种重金属元素受人为排放源影响较大.沉积物中重金属污染处于强风险等级,Cd污染达到重风险等级,其它元素处于低风险等级.滏阳河表层沉积物重金属污染主要存在于城市近郊河段以及受污染支流汇入河段.     

海河流域河流空间分布特征及演变趋势

海河流域涵盖我国"京津冀"经济圈,河流对流域内人类生存和经济发展具有重要支撑作用,研究河流空间分布及演变趋势对于合理利用河流水资源、保护河流生态和实现经济可持续发展具有重要意义.本文运用遥感资料的GIS分析方法,对海河流域的河流地貌、水系结构、河流曲率和河网密度、闸坝等指标进行分析,发现:1海河流域河流地貌划分为上游山区段、中部平原段和下游滨海段,3个区段水系形状依次为树枝状(受人为干扰小),编织状(中度人为干扰),稀疏编织状(人为干扰强烈);2流域水库和水闸修建阻断河流纵向连续性,五大水系(滦河、北三河、永定河、大清河、子牙河)连续性指标值低于5;320世纪60年代—80年代—2000年,流域河流平均曲率不断减小,河网密度呈现不定向波动,反映出人为控制对河道形态改变程度大.今后应减少人类活动对河流自然属性的改变,河流治理和修复过程中应充分考虑保护和改造河流地貌、水系结构、河流曲率和河网密度.     

Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf of Tonkin

By aggregating MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD(aerosol optical depth) and OMI(ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI(ultra violet aerosol index)datasets over 2010–2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin(17–23°N, 105–110°E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP(cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km.In contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere(below 1 km) was only half of that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula(NIC), it was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport. Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during spring.     

Diversity and vertical distributions of sediment bacteria in an urban river contaminated by nutrients and heavy metals

The aim of this study was to investigate the benthic bacterial communities in different depths of an urban river sediment accumulated with high concentrations of nutrients and metals. Vertical distributions of bacterial operational taxonomic units （OTUs） and chemical para- meters （nutrients： NH4＋, NO3, dissolved organic carbon, and acid volatile sulfur; metals： Fe, Zn, and Cu） were characterized in 30 cm sediment cores. The bacterial OTUs were measured using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Biodiversity indexes and multivariate statistical analyses were used to characterize the spatial distributions of microbial diversity in response to the environmental parameters. Results showed that concentrations of the nutrients and metals in this river sediment were higher than those in similar studies. Furthermore, high microbial richness and diversity appeared in the sediment. The diversity did not vary obviously in the whole sediment profile. The change of the diversity indexes and the affiliations of the OTUs showed that the top layer had different bacterial community structure from deeper layers due to the hydrological disturbance and redox change in the surface sediment. The dominant bacterial OTUs ubiquitously existed in the deeper sediment layers （5-27 cm） corresponding to the distributions of the nutrients and metals. With much higher diversity than the dominant OTUs, the minor bacterial assemblages varied with depths, which might be affected by the sedimentation process and the environmental competition pressure.     

大同盆地高砷地下水中可培养耐砷微生物的群落结构

大同盆地是典型的高砷地下水分布区。利用从地方性砷中毒严重病区山阴县采集的高砷地下水样品,用稀释培养法实验研究了外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量的影响;同时基于生物学可培养法和16SrDNA序列比对法,选取代表性高砷水样,研究了耐砷菌的种群特征。结果表明,外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量影响显著,高浓度砷会抑制大部分微生物生长,使微生物数量减少;低浓度砷对微生物生长具有一定促进作用。通过多次分离、纯化从3个不同砷含量地下水样中分离到多株砷抗性菌,经鉴定属于主要为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Paenibacillus、Aeromonas、Enterobacter5个属。从RDP(RibosomalDatabaseProject)分析显示3个水样可培养微生物组成不同,都有生存能力强能够耐低浓度NaAsO2的Bacillales,优势耐砷菌是γ-proteobacteria,其中Enterbacter具有耐高浓度NaAsO2的能力。