浑善达克沙地退化草地的封育效果调查

封育保护是促进退化草地自然恢复的有效方法之一,为了研究实施京津风沙源工程措施以来浑善达克沙地沙质草场的围封效果,我们特对浑善达克沙地南缘地段的围封草场进行了调查,并取得了一些结果。     

优势菌在活性炭表面固定中生物量的变化规律研究

采用5 株在松花江水中筛选驯化的优势工程菌,研究其在生物活性炭滤池固定化过程中菌种活性、固定方式、空床停留时间(EBCT)、pH 值、菌液浓度以及温度对活性炭表面生物量的影响和变化规律.结果表明,固定化生物量与优势菌的特性有一定相关性,即菌种活性较高、环境温度较低、菌液pH 值为酸性条件下,炭表面生物量越高;EBCT 为60min,菌液浓度为1011 个/mL 的优势菌易于附着在活性炭上.采用单株菌依次固定与混合菌固定后,生物量没有明显差别,但菌种之间对活性炭表面栖息空间有一定的竞争作用.     

滇西北农村生活能源使用现状及生物质能源开发利用研究——以兰坪县和香格里拉县为例

少数民族地区农村能源建设是中国能源可持续发展的一个特殊领域,是资源节约型社会和社会主义新农村建设的重要内容。论文以滇西北的兰坪县和香格里拉县的能源使用情况作为研究对象,通过实地调查,分析了在经济仍处于贫困状态的少数民族聚居的西南山区生活能源利用的特点:兰坪县和香格里拉薪柴的使用分别达85%和98%,而以太阳能、沼气、水能为代表的可再生能源的使用仅有7.0%和1.8%,由此产生了一系列的环境问题。论文对促进现代生物质能源的开发利用提出建议:制定农村能源资源开发利用规划,健全能源政策体系,争取国际经济和技术支持等。     

六氯苯污染源水的饮用水应急处理工艺研究

针对长江水源地可能发生的六氯苯(HCB)突发污染事故,开展了应急处理工艺研究.考察了混凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)投加量、KMnO₄预氧化和木质粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附预处理对HCB 去除效果的影响.根据静态试验,设计了三因素三水平正交试验,进一步考察了KMnO₄氧化与PAC 吸附联用预处理-混凝沉淀工艺去除HCB 的效果.结果表明,常规处理无法有效去除HCB;单独KMnO₄ 预氧化无法明显改善混凝沉淀对HCB的去除效果;PAC联用吸附预处理可明显提高去除效率.正交试验结果表明,在PAC,PFS,KMnO4投加量分别为40,5.0,0.5mg/L的最佳条件下,HCB 去除率为98.97%,但浊度在2NTU 以上.选取PAC 吸附预处理-混凝沉淀工艺进行中试试验,结果表明,在PFS 和PAC 投加量分别为15mg/L 和40mg/L 时,HCB 的去除率在98%以上,HCB 剩余浓度和浊度分别在1µg/L 和1NTU 以下.     

胶州湾水体重金属Hg Ⅰ.分布和迁移

根据1979年5月,8月,11月胶州湾水域调查资料,并且与近几十年来的调查资料进行对比分析,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的平面分布、垂直分布、季节分布以及发展趋势.结果表明:胶州湾东北部海域春季污染较为严重,西南部的污染程度相对较轻;春季和夏季的表层含量大于底层含量,秋季时底层含量高于表层含量;而且春季Hg污染较为严重,秋季水质状况最好.从历史资料来看,1979年到1982年,Hg污染在加剧;1982年到1997年,从污染严重到缓和,在1997年就达到了一类水质的要求;1997年到1999年,水质更加清洁.     

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh,North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 51–56 [译自: 环境科学]     

一株好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化能力

利用驯化活性污泥的方法筛选出一株好氧反硝化细菌G3,该菌在碳源充足且溶解氧为(4.0±1.0)mg·L-1条件下,24h内对NO-2-N积累量为12.03 mg·L-1,对NO-3-N的去除率为91.09%.扫描电镜观察其形态特征为(0.4～0.6)μm×(1.2～2.0)μm的短杆菌.16SrDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri的相似性为100%.利用MEGA软件对该菌株与已报道的相关微生物进行系统发育分析,并克隆出与好氧反硝化相关的周质硝酸盐还原酶的亚基napA基因,初步判定筛选菌株具有周质硝酸盐还原酶.     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

农田土壤中的磷向水体释放的风险评价

通过对比土壤的固磷能力和磷素水平可以评估不同类型土壤中的磷向水体释放的风险。研究表明，磷吸持指数（SI）可以作为土壤最大吸磷量的替代指标来表征土壤的固磷能力。在太湖地区，影响水土界面磷素迁移能力的主要因素是土壤有效磷水平和土壤固磷能力。SI值30左右为一临界值，SI大于此值的土壤对于施磷具有较大的缓冲能力，而SI低于此值的土壤对施磷非常敏感，磷流失风险将随施磷量的增加而呈直线上升趋势。     

微污染水源水生物处理中硝酸盐氮的变化

通过中试系统和大型工程 ,探讨了微污染水源水生物处理工艺中硝酸盐氮的变化规律。研究表明 ,微污染水源水生物处理工艺中硝酸盐氮的增加是氨氮生物硝化的结果 ;处理系统启动中硝酸盐氮变化率的变化反映了两类硝化细菌在生长速率和转化能力上的协调关系以及生物膜的成熟过程 ,启动结束时硝酸盐氮变化率趋于 1.0 0 ;稳定运行阶段各工况下处理系统硝酸盐氮变化率均在 1.0 0附近 ;水源水中少量的有机氮和亚硝酸盐氮对氨氮硝化过程无明显影响。硝酸盐氮变化率是描述微污染水源水生物处理系统氨氮硝化状况的重要参数。