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941.
Craig Doremus Donald C. McNaught Phillip Cross Ted Fuist Edith Stanley Barbara Youngberg 《Environmental management》1978,2(3):245-248
Carbon cycling analysis is presented as a means for assessing anthropogenic perturbations in an ecosystem. Data from oligotrophic, eutrophic, and dystrophic (bog) lakes are used to show general trends in the lacustrine carbon cycle. The oligotrophic lake is an unstressed system and the eutrophic lake is under nutrient enrichment with high algal standing crops and productivity. The bog lake is a pH-stressed environment that is primarily a grazing ecosystem. It is hoped that a more effective environmental impact assessment will result from the use of carbon cycling as a unifying concept in ecosystem analysis. 相似文献
942.
碳酸盐溶液纳滤过程中的H+负截留现象 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以自配的具有暂时硬度的碳酸盐溶液为水样,使用NF270型和NF-型纳滤膜在5种pH值条件(6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5和8.0)下进行了纳滤实验.结果显示,当压力为1.0MPa,流量为6 L·min-1,温度恒定在25℃的条件下,2种膜的通量随进料液pH值的降低而升高,表明对进料液进行酸化可使膜过滤获得相对较高的通量.整个过滤过程中,透过液pH值始终低于浓缩液pH值,即H+表现为负截留,这是因为小体积、荷正电的H+易透过小孔径、荷负电的纳滤膜所致.H+的负截留作用会加速HCO3-离解,生成更多的CO32-,使膜面发生CaCO3结晶的可能性加大,不利于膜操作.荷负电量高的纳滤膜有利于H+的透过,因此在纳滤软化水过程中,应当综合多方面因素考虑膜的选择及相应的预处理,在满足水质处理要求的前提下,采用荷负电量稍低的膜有利于减小H+负截留对纳滤软化水过程的影响,从而延缓膜面结垢. 相似文献
943.
Ebensperger LA Hurtado MJ Soto-Gamboa M Lacey EA Chang AT 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2004,91(8):391-395
Communal nesting is a fundamental component of many animal societies. Because the fitness consequences of this behavior vary with the relatedness among nest mates, understanding the kin structure of communally nesting groups is critical to understanding why such groups form. Observations of captive degus (Octodon degus) indicate that multiple females nest together, even when supplied with several nest boxes. To determine whether free-living degus also engage in communal nesting, we used radiotelemetry to monitor spatial relationships among adult females in a population of O. degus in central Chile. These analyses revealed that females formed stable associations of > 2–4 individuals, all of whom shared the same nest site at night. During the daytime, spatial overlap and frequency of social interactions were greatest among co-nesting females, suggesting that nesting associations represent distinct social units. To assess kinship among co-nesting females, we examined genotypic variation in our study animals at six microsatellite loci. These analyses indicated that mean pairwise relatedness among members of a nesting association (r=0.25) was significantly greater than that among randomly selected females (r=–0.03). Thus, communally nesting groups of degus are composed of female kin, making it possible for indirect as well as direct fitness benefits to contribute to sociality in this species. 相似文献
944.
Janusz Jankowiak Barbara Szpakowska Jerzy Bienkowski 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2003,32(6):418-423
20世纪90年代波兰的政局发生了变革,由此所带来的农业转型对农业土地利用结构产生了根本性的改变.随着饲料作物比例的下降,粮食作物的比重相应地增加.此外,化学肥料的使用也相应减少了.在畜牧业中,牲畜存栏数表现出了急剧下降,这也导致了有机肥使用量的降低.耕作模式的改变和较低的肥料使用水平使土壤中的有机物含量下降,这有可能使土壤质量下降.由于在大波兰地区广泛存在轻质土壤,而且这类土壤中的养分可以很容易地被淋溶到地下水中,因此上述现象在该地区表现得极为突出.研究发现,在农业景观中的许多负面影响可以通过建立农田防护林带予以缓和.我们的结论是农田防护林带可以有效地控制流域的养分流失. 相似文献
945.
Ann Curtis Lisa Strain Moira Mennie Susan Holloway J. A. Raeburn G. T. N. Besley D. J. H. Brock 《黑龙江环境通报》1988,8(8):625-628
First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) using linked DNA markers is usually only possible if there is an index affected child to establish the haplotype of the parental chromosomes. We describe a prenatal diagnosis where fibroblasts, cultured from the skin of a deceased affected child and then held in frozen storage for 3 years, were used as the starting point for tracking the CF gene. The fetus was diagnosed as a homozygous normal and the diagnosis confirmed by immunoreactive trypsin testing after birth. It was also possible to establish heterozygosity in the aunt of the affected child. 相似文献
946.
Jiaen Liu Dr. Willy Lissens Christine Van Broeckhoven Ann Löfgren Michel Camus Ingeborg Liebaers André Van Steirteghem 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(4):351-358
To perform preimplantation DNA diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in a female carrier of a dystrophin gene deletion of exons 3–18, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay of exon 17 sequences. Exon 17 was efficiently amplified in all 50 single blastomeres of normal control embryos and in five blastomeres of one male embryo of the DMD carrier obtained after a first preimplantation diagnosis (PID) for gender determination. In ten blastomeres of another two male embryos of the DMD carrier, no PCR signals were observed, probably as a result of the deletion. After intracytoplasmic sperm injection, embryos were analysed for exon 17 and three of the four embryos showing normal PCR signals were replaced, resulting in a singleton pregnancy. Prenatal diagnosis showed a female karyotype and DNA analysis indicated that the fetus was not a DMD carrier. 相似文献
947.
A new culture vessel for amniotic fluid culture is presented (flaskette). It consists of a microscope slide, on top of which a culture chamber is mounted. Amniotic fluid cell cultures using in situ technique in the flaskette were compared to subcultured samples in ordinary (Falcon) tissue culture bottles. Working time was reduced by using this new culture vessel because of a very simple harvest procedure allowing simultaneous harvest of 15 samples. The interval between amniocentesis and harvest was shorter for the in situ technique than for the subcultivation technique. The frequency of aneuploidy in individual metaphases was higher with the subcultivation technique. while there was no difference in the frequency of structural anomalies. 相似文献
948.
949.
Kevin C. Weng Andre M. Boustany Peter Pyle Scot D. Anderson Adam Brown Barbara A. Block 《Marine Biology》2007,152(4):877-894
Satellite telemetry studies of 20 adult and sub-adult white sharks (360–530 cm estimated total length (TL)) in the eastern
North Pacific during 1999–2005 revealed long distance seasonal migrations from the coast of California to an offshore focal
area 2,500 km west of the Baja Peninsula, as well as the Hawaii Islands. Three tags were recovered allowing detailed behavioral
analyses, including one shark’s migration cycle from the coast to the offshore focal area and back. While near pinniped rookeries
in autumn and winter, sharks avoided the surface and used water to 50 m depth, consistent with a silhouette-based hunting
strategy. Offshore migrations were initiated during November–March and followed periods of decreasing pinniped abundance.
Migrations were highly directed, taking 23 ± 5 days to reach the offshore focal area along similar paths among sharks and
years, defining a migration corridor. Sharks exhibited a broad depth distribution (0–644 m) in the offshore focal area, and
remained there for up to 167 days during spring and summer, though primary productivity and fishery data suggest that forage
resources are scarcer there than in other regions of the eastern North Pacific. Archival data from one shark revealed intensive
oscillatory movements while in the offshore focal area, a behavior that may be related to foraging or mating. Sharks traveling
to Hawaii remained near the islands up to 122 days, potentially feeding on pelagic fishes and marine mammals that concentrate
around the islands.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
950.
König Barbara 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,34(4):275-283
Under laboratory conditions, communal nursing among familiar and closely related female house mice (Mus domesticus) improved lifetime reproductive success compared to females rearing litters alone or females living with a previously unfamiliar, unrelated partner (reproductive success was measured within an experimental lifespan of 6 months, standardized as 120 days after mating at the age of about 2 months). An analysis of the contribution of three multiplicatively combined components to variation in reproductive success among breeding females revealed that, in all three social groups, survival of young until weaning contributed most to differences in lifetime reproduction (46–64% of the total variance). Females living with a sister had a significantly higher probability of reproducing successfully than females in the other groups, and also reared significantly more litters communally than females sharing nests with an unrelated partner. Weaning probabilities of young were highest in litters cared for by sisters and lowest in nests of unrelated females. Young were found dead either directly after birth (within the first 2 days of lactation) or after they had been cared for and nursed for at least 1 day. The loss of an entire litter typically occurred directly after birth. In monogamous females rearing litters alone the death of almost all young coincided with such early entire-litter mortality. In polygynous groups, however, offspring died at an older age and more litters suffered the loss of some young. Still, rearing young with a sister improved survival directly after birth and fewer litters were lost entirely in comparison with females in the other groups. In polygynous groups, pregnant females were observed to kill some of their partner's dependent young shortly before they gave birth themselves. As a consequence, individual young had reduced survival when they were firstborn in a communal nest (another litter was born within 16 days). Analyzed over a lifetime, communal care among familiar and closely related female house mice seems to be an adaptation to maximize the survival of offspring until weaning. 相似文献