脉冲等离子法烟气脱硫的放大实验

锅炉烟气进行脉冲等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到与模拟烟气实验相近的结果。研究表明，脉冲等离子法对锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２去除率可达９５％以上，烟气在反应器内的停留时间（ｔｓ）、脉冲电源的放电功率（Ｐ）和添加ＮＨ３等条件，对脱硫效率９η）有较大影响。ｔｓ、Ｐ越大、η越高。处理烟气量（Ｑ）、能耗（Ｐ）与η存在函数关系：η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）＾０．１１１１。烟气中加入适量ＮＨ３，对脱硫效率有显著提高，以ＮＨ３     

松嫩平原西部碱尘气溶胶的时段变化及其气候影响因素分析

利用耦合等离子体发射光谱测试技术(ICP-AES)对松嫩平原西部2003年7月到2004年5月间获得的大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品进行了元素分析,并结合气象资料和TSP质量浓度,初步确定了碱尘活动年际内的演变规律及其主要控制因素.结果表明,TSP质量浓度的高峰时段是早春,其元素总体浓度亦高于其它时段,其中Na元素浓度具有明显的高值,表明碱尘在该时段为TSP的主要成分;晚春时段区域沙尘影响加强,很难监测本地碱尘活动;夏季,碱尘的3种重要元素(Na、Ca、K)含量增加,表明夏季有碱尘活动,与TSP浓度偏高吻合;秋季,碱尘和区域沙尘的活动均减弱.影响碱尘活动的气候因子主要是风力、降水量、温度、日照和湿度,但不同时段其主导作用不同.     

Accounting for Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: Case Study of Hector's Dolphin Mortality due to Gillnet Entanglement

Abstract: Uncertainties about biological data and human effects often delay decisions on management of endangered species. Some decision makers argue that uncertainty about the risk posed to a species should lead to precautionary decisions, whereas others argue for delaying protective measures until there is strong evidence that a human activity is having a serious effect on the species. We have developed a method that incorporates uncertainty into the estimate of risk so that delays in action can be reduced or eliminated. We illustrate our method with an actual situation of a deadlock over how to manage Hector's dolphin ( Cephalorhychus hectori ). The management question is whether sufficient risk is posed to the dolphins by mortalities in gillnets to warrant regulating the fisheries. In our quantitative risk assessment, we use a population model that incorporates both demographic ( between-individual) and environmental ( between-year) stochasticity. We incorporate uncertainty in estimates of model parameters by repeatedly running the model for different combinations of survival and reproductive rates. Each value is selected at random from a probability distribution that represents the uncertainty in estimating that parameter. Before drawing conclusions, we perform sensitivity analyses to see whether model assumptions alter conclusions and to recommend priorities for future research. In this example, uncertainty did not alter the conclusion that there is a high risk of population decline if current levels of gillnet mortality continue. Sensitivity analyses revealed this to be a robust conclusion. Thus, our analysis removes uncertainty in the scientific data as an excuse for inaction.     

沈阳市降雪中PFOS和PFOA污染现状调查

通过调查降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度,阐明了沈阳市大气中PFOS和PFOA的污染状况和污染规律.2006-02-06采集沈阳市区和郊区共计36个采样点的降雪样品,2006-02-25在其中5个采样点再次采集降雪样品.固相萃取融雪水中的PFOS和PFOA,利用LC-MS-SIM法测定样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度.全部样品中均检出PFOS和PFOA.2006-02-06降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度几何平均值分别为2.0 ng·L^-1（范围：0.4～46.2 ng·L^-1）和3.6 ng·L^-1（范围：1.6～22.4 ng·L^-1）,95%置信区间分别为1.5～2.8 ng·L^-1和3.1～4.2 ng·L^-1.PFOS和PFOA的最高浓度同时出现在郊区采样点朱尔屯,市中心区2种物质的浓度呈显著正相关.2006-02-25的5个采样点降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度几何平均值均为2.2 ng·L^-1.2次降雪中PFOS浓度差异不显著,2006-02-25降雪中PFOA浓度高于2006-02-06.结果表明,沈阳市区和郊区降雪中广泛存在PFOS和PFOA污染,局部区域可能存在共同的PFOS和PFOA污染来源;沈阳地区有较稳定的PFOS来源持续向大气中输送该类物质;PFOS和PFOA的环境行为可能不同.     

优势菌的筛选及其强化活性污泥好氧反硝化的研究

利用含活性污泥提取物的贫培养基筛选SBR系统中的好氧异养优势菌。结合自然温度（15～20℃）、延长培养时间等条件来提高菌群的可培养性。从SBR活性污泥系统中分离出5种细菌。4株去除COD优势菌,1株异养硝化细菌,能在好氧条件下实现对总氮的去除。反应池底采用边缘对称曝气,反应池内细菌在时间顺序和空间位置上循环经历好氧过程及微氧过程。将PVA铝盐法固定的细菌对反应器进行生物强化。结果显示,在好氧工艺的条件下,投加优势菌群后,与未加优势菌群的反应器相比,可以显著改善污泥的沉降性能,COD、NH₃-N和TN降解率显著提高,分别达到98%、97%和90%。生物强化作用明显,反应器内具有良好的好氧反硝化环境。     

Modeling assessment for ammonium nitrogen recovery from wastewater by chemical precipitation

Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N). In the present research, we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4 +-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation. The case study of NH4 +-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions. Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index (SI) of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH. The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2+/NH4 + molar ratio (Mg/N) and the initial NH4 +-N concentration (CN), respectively, while it decreased with an increase in Ca2+/NH4 + and CO3 2??/NH4 + molar ratios (Ca/N and CO3 2??/N), respectively. The trends for NH4 +-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions. The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH, Mg/N, CN, Ca/N, (Mg/N) (CO3 2??/N), (pH)2, (Mg/N)2, and (CN)2 were significant. Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4 +-N recovery.     

2015—2020年湖北省PM2.5和臭氧复合污染特征演变分析

为揭示湖北省PM_2.5和臭氧(O₃)复合污染演变特征,基于湖北省17个地市的空气质量国控点和武汉市大气超级站组分监测数据,全面分析湖北省17个地市2015—2020年PM_2.5和O₃的时空变化特征及相关关系,探讨PM_2.5和O₃协同效应的成因机理. 结果表明:①2015—2020年,湖北省PM_2.5显著改善,平均降幅为4.7 μg/(m3·a),但冬季负荷仍较高,主要集中于中部地区;O₃污染凸显,平均增幅为3.8 μg/(m3·a),污染集中在4—10月的暖季,东部地区最严重,近两年超标天数已与PM_2.5相当. ②湖北省PM_2.5和O₃关联日趋密切,协同效应显著,日评价指标显示夏季二者呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.57),近两年当PM_2.5浓度≤50 μg/m3时,相关系数高达0.63;冬季PM_2.5浓度与O_x(O₃+NO₂)浓度呈正相关,尤其2020年东部城市二者相关性高达0.46,显示大气氧化性对PM_2.5二次污染的重要性. ③以武汉市为例,归纳PM_2.5和O₃复合污染的成因,暖季低PM_2.5背景下,高温、中等湿度和弱风速的气象条件以及VOCs和NO_x等前体物的高浓度排放,使得受VOCs主控的光化学反应加剧,易造成O₃污染,从而加强PM_2.5二次生成;冬季高的大气氧化性,叠加不利气象条件,促进颗粒物的二次生成,导致重污染时PM_2.5组分以硝酸盐等二次无机组分为主. 研究显示,湖北省PM_2.5和O₃协同控制重点为,在保持现有NO_x控制力度基础上强化VOCs控制,遏制暖季和东部区域O₃浓度上升,加强冬季和中部PM_2.5治理.      

水-粮食贸易:虚拟水研究进展

虚拟水思想强调的是水资源贡献，量化计算是其深入研究的基本，而是否选择虚拟水作为战略政策，应该考虑由不同国家的资源贡献和生产技术决定的比较利益。社会调适能力要求社会针对资源的第一性缺乏做相应调适并谋求解决手段，以提高资源管理能力。为此，需要结合我国的水和粮食安全问题，提出用虚拟水贸易解决我国水资源和粮食问题，提高我国对水资源缺乏的调适能力。