Assessing economic sustainability and ecological efficiency with genuine progress indicator: a case study of the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to 2018

To achieve urban sustainability, it is critical to enhance the environment, economy, and society simultaneously. This study adopted the revised genuine progress indicator (GPI) and ecological footprint (EF) to evaluate the ecological efficiency and economic sustainability of the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to 2018. Spatial analysis was utilized to identify spatial autocorrelation. A total of 27 cities were then partitioned through k-means cluster analysis. The results showed that GPI and ecological efficiency improved rapidly, but economic sustainability showed a downward trend. GPI and GDP had a high degree of spatial correlation, especially in Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Metropolitan Area. However, no spatial correlation existed between GPI and EF. The city with high GEE can reach 3000 $/gha, indicating the city consumed 1 global hectare to create $3000 of genuine economic growth. Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Taizhou were cities with the highest level of economic sustainability and ecological efficiency. The spatiotemporal characteristics of economic sustainability and ecological efficiency revealed in this study will provide theoretical guidance for alleviating ecological pressure and promoting economic sustainable development.

     

预浓缩-GC/MS测定空气中的27种ODS和HFCs

优化预浓缩仪二级冷阱温度和柱温箱初始温度,建立了预浓缩-气相色谱 /质谱联用(GC/MS)技术测定空气中27种消耗臭氧层物(ODS)和氢氟烃(HFCs)的分析方法。结果表明,27种ODS和HFCs峰形良好,分离度较好,校准曲线相对响应因子标准偏差为1.7%~15.9%,方法检出限为0.016~0.172 μg/m³。空白加标样品连续测定6次的相对标准偏差为0.9%~13.4%,回收率为70.4%~116%。基体加标样品连续测定6次的相对标准偏差为1.0%~7.8%,回收率为94.3%~108%。实验楼周边的环境空气以及实验室内部工作环境空气均检出不同浓度的ODS和HFCs,该方法适用于空气中ODS和HFCs的测定。     

九洲江沉积物多环芳烃和抗生素的分布特征与风险评价

利用液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)以及超高压液相色谱法(HPLC),于2018年1月对九洲江沉积物样品中31种抗生素和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征进行研究并评价其生态风险。结果表明,九洲江沉积物检出20种抗生素,其中四环素类(TCs)抗生素质量分数最高,或因其在养殖业用量最大且易被沉积物吸附;滩面镇（S3点位）抗生素的总质量分数（52 ng/g）最高,与附近的滩面镇生猪养殖业发达,也与S3点位正好位于污水处理厂排口下游不远处有关;沉积物中共检出15种PAHs,温泉镇（S1点位）沉积物中PAHs的质量分数最高。沉积物中,4环PAHs占比最高,说明九洲江流域PAHs主要来源于煤和木柴的燃烧。生态风险评价结果表明,TCs抗生素处于高风险水平,且高风险点集中出现在滩面镇河段（S3点位）,需要采取措施减少TCs抗生素的使用;所有点位的PAHs的生态风险均为低风险,但有部分无安全剂量的PAHs组分被检出,对九洲江生态环境存在潜在威胁。     

Consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators on metacommunities of competing prey

Although predators affect prey both via consumption and by changing prey migration behavior, the interplay between these two effects is rarely incorporated into spatial models of predator-prey dynamics and competition among prey. We develop a model where generalist predators have consumptive effects (i.e., altering the likelihood of local prey extinction) as well as nonconsumptive effects (altering the likelihood of colonization) on spatially separated prey populations (metapopulations). We then extend this model to explore the effects of predators on competition among prey. We find that generalist predators can promote persistence of prey metapopulations by promoting prey colonization, but predators can also hasten system-wide extinction by either increasing local extinction or reducing prey migration. By altering rates of prey migration, predators in one location can exert remote control over prey dynamics in another location via predator-mediated changes in prey flux. Thus, the effect of predators may extend well beyond the proportion of patches they visit. In the context of prey metacommunities, predator-mediated shifts in prey migration and mortality can shift the competition-colonization trade-off among competing prey, leading to changes in the prey community as well as changes in the susceptibility of prey species to habitat loss. Consequently, native prey communities may be susceptible to invasion not only by exotic prey species that experience reduced amounts of mortality from resident predators, but also by exotic prey species that exhibit strong dispersal in response to generalist native predators. Ultimately, our work suggests that the consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of generalist predators may have strong, yet potentially cryptic, effects on competing prey capable of mediating coexistence, fostering invasion, and interacting with anthropogenic habitat alteration.     

Mitochondrial DNA and electronic tracking reveal population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)

Population subdivision was examined in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) through sequencing of the control region of the mitochondrial genome. A total of 178 samples from the spawning grounds in the Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas and Mediterranean Sea were analyzed. Among the samples from these locations were 36 electronically tagged bluefin tuna that were tagged in the North Atlantic and subsequently traveled to one of these known spawning grounds during the spawning season. Bluefin tuna populations from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea were found to be genetically distinct based on Φ_st, and sequence nearest neighbor analyses, showing that these two major spawning areas support independent stocks. Sequence nearest neighbor analysis indicated significant population subdivision among the Gulf of Mexico, western Mediterranean and eastern Mediterranean Sea. However, it was not possible to find significant pairwise differences between any sampling areas when using all samples. If only samples that had a high likelihood of assignment to a specific spawning site were used (young of the year, spawning adults), the differentiation increased among all sampling areas and the Western Mediterranean Sea was distinct from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It was not possible to distinguish samples from the Bahamas from those collected at any of the other sampling sites. These data support tagging results that suggested distinctness of the Gulf of Mexico, Eastern and Western Mediterranean Sea spawning areas. This level of stock differentiation is only possible if Atlantic bluefin tuna show strong natal homing to individual spawning grounds.     

酸化大豆蛋白废水的厌氧处理

对有机质浓度高,成分单一,蛋白质、总氮浓度较高,易酸化,且已酸化程度较高的大豆蛋白废水,确定以新型内循环厌氧反应池为主的处理工艺,在原废水ρ(COD)为11809~15040mg/L时,总出水浓度192~350mg/L,去除率达到96.2%~97.5%。新的内循环厌氧反应池具有高度小、结构简单、污染物去除率高的特征,COD运行负荷达6.0~7.5kg/(m3.d),COD去除率达88%~93%。当COD运行负荷5.0~7.0kg/(m3.d)时,该池内循环管道形成了连续的较强内回流。     

施用不同尿素对稻季不同层次土壤溶液中氮形态的影响

在太湖地区乌栅土上,利用大型原状土柱比较研究了不同尿素品种、施肥量(0、普通尿素150、300和包膜尿素100、150 kg·hm-2,以N计算)处理对稻季不同层次(30、65、80 cm)土壤氮素动态变化的影响.结果表明:所有处理渗漏水中NO3--N质量浓度均低于饮用水标准,常规施肥未显著增加氮的淋溶损失;各处理在不同层次土壤均发生反硝化作用;包膜尿素促进土壤反硝化强度,在65 cm和80 cm处尤为明显.施用包膜尿素可能增强浅层地下水的反硝化作用而降低水体NO3--N质量浓度.其影响机理及在对其它类型土壤上氮素淋失和反硝化的影响,值得进一步研究.     

土地经济密度的区域差异特征及动态演变格局——基于长江三角洲地区的实证分析

基于长江三角洲地区25个城市的土地经济密度数据,利用泰尔指数、空间自相关等方法对1995-2007年长江三角洲地区土地经济密度的区域差异特征及动态演化格局进行了初步探索。研究表明：①该区域的土地经济密度总体呈不断上升趋势,但是城市间差异明显,其高值点主要集中于沪苏锡常地区;②土地经济密度的总体差异和区间差异呈现波动性缩小趋势,江苏省内部差异和区间差异是总体差异的主要组成部分;③土地经济密度总体上趋于空间集聚,但局部的空间集聚中心从环杭州湾城市转移到苏南地区和上海。可见,高投入、低效率的土地利用方式已不适合长江三角洲地区的发展,未来必须统筹区域土地利用,合理配置土地资源,促进区域合理分工和协调发展。     

三江源区生态资源非使用价值评价

采用权变评价法评估了青海三江源区生态资源的非使用价值,并分析了其影响因素.结果表明,三江源区生态资源的非使用价值为453.06亿元/年,其中存在价值为236.36亿元/年,遗产价值为125.91亿元/年,选择价值为90.79亿元/年,人均支付意愿为76.30元/年.Logit模型和Tobit模型分析表明,对该区的了解程度、关注程度、重视程度、年龄、个人收入、教育程度等因素均影响其非使用价值评价.     

利用木质纤维素类生物质发酵生产乙醇重组菌株研究进展

要实现木质纤维素类生物质的有效利用,当前还面临很多瓶颈问题亟待解决,而缺乏能够同时高效利用纤维素类水解物的发酵菌株是制约纤维素乙醇生产的最关键因素.目前对发酵菌种的研究主要集中在酿酒酵母、运动发酵单胞菌、大肠杆菌和克雷白氏杆菌这4种菌上,已取得大量研究进展,为纤维素乙醇的产业化奠定了一定的基础.本文综述了这4种菌发酵纤维素水解物的基因工程改造研究进展,并对组学时代进一步优化发酵菌株进行了展望.图2表2参51