一起压力管道安全隐患的处理

介绍了一起在用压力管道外部损伤的处理手段和分析评价方法,指出应加强运行中的压力管道安全监管工作,杜绝野蛮施工.     

Darstellung maskierter Nutzungseffekte auf naturraumspezifische Artengemeinschaften grasiger Feldraine mithilfe von Restvarianzmustern

Background and aim Grassy field margins have a high relevance in agricultural landscapes regarding the preservation of typical arthropod communities, their biodiversity and the ecological system functions linked with it. The structure of terrestrial communities is affected by anthropogenic impairment, which can lead to the replacement of sensitive by more tolerant species. The negative influence of pesticides on fauna and flora as well as the associated functional aspects (ecological system functions) and the reduction of biodiversity are undisputed since longer for agrarian systems and can also be assumed for grassy field margins due to spray-drift. The case study presented here examined the effect of influences related to utilization on the plant and arthropod communities of grassy field margins. Reference sites, on which due to missing farming in the direct surrounding countryside no utilization influences on the communities were present, were compared to non-target sites, on which these influences could not be excluded. Sites in three German macrochores were examined: in the Jülicher Börde, at the northeastern edge of the Leipziger low lands and in the area Mainfranken near Würzburg, all of them intensely used agricultural landscapes. Beside the vegetation, the epigeic arthropod communities of carabid beetles, spiders, springtails, hymenopterans, hover flies and ladybirds as well as abiotic parameters were included in the analysis. The aim of the study was the development of a statistical exclusion procedure which is capable to quantify the amount of variation in field community data which can be attributed to isolated factors. Special attention was paid to non-observable utilization impacts like undocumented pesticide application. The extraction of patterns of residual variance allowed for the uncovering of masked effects on a scale below the obvious abundance pattern. Materials and methods The variability in the species composition was visualized with the help of non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS). Indicator species analysis revealed those species which could be recognized as statistically significant indicators for local conditions. The relationship between the species composition and the environmental factors was statistically modeled by canonical correspondence analysis. By variance partitioning it was possible to extract the variance portion which could be bound to a set of covariables. For the remaining residual variance it could not be excluded that this resulted from a pesticide influence. Results The analyses based on the ecological distance (Bray-Curtis) showed that the communities in references sites and non-target sites could be clearly distinguished in all three landscapes. Based on the portions of variance which could be explained statistically by a utilization related influence, two different directions of reaction to the utilization related variables could be stated. On the one hand there were sensitive species, showing reduced abundances in the non-target sites, on the other hand there were species increasing in abundance in the non-target sites, recruiting from the group of strong competitors. Discussion By the use of residual variances a clear influence of utilization related parameters on the community of soil arthropods and vegetation could be shown. The observed abundances shifts between reference sites and non-target sites in the raw data were attributed to a multi-dimensional factor complex which could be split up by the use of partial ordination methods, quantifying the relationships to the utilization related parameters. It was demonstrated that special utilization correlated patterns could be found in the raw data after eliminating the influence of the covariables. Conclusions Utilization related influences in the non-target sites evened out the characteristic communities for the three landscapes towards a comprehensive, ubiquitous species composition. The hypothesis of decreasing abundance of sensitive species and the augmentation of tolerant species due to a potential pesticide influence could be underpinned and quantified. Sensitive species which showed a significant reduction in abundance between reference and non-target sites showed a much higher sensitivity to the influences and thus were assigned a higher indicator potential than tolerant species. From the group of the sensitive species Pardosa palustris and Poecilus cupreus could be isolated as two promising macrochore-specific indicator species for the masked effects. Recommendations and perspectives A macrochore-specific assessment of utilization effects was requested for future studies due to the different sensitivities of the species in the three landscapes. The elaboration and specifying of reference conditions for terrestrial agrarian systems is an important task for the future. The presented approach deduces a macrochore-specific, complex effect pattern of anthropogenic impairment on terrestrial species communities. It can be used to extract masked effects and by this facilitates a more sustainable use of e.g. plant protection products. Furthermore it provides an opportunity to validate evaluation systems for the effects of utilization impacts on terrestrial vegetation and arthropods. Additionally the species sensitivities with respect to the macrochores allow a regionalized assessment of ecotoxicological effects and the integration into spatially explicit effect assessment models.     

Environmental–sanitary risk analysis procedure applied to artificial turf sports fields

Owing to the extensive use of artificial turfs worldwide, over the past 10 years there has been much discussion about the possible health and environmental problems originating from styrene-butadiene recycled rubber. In this paper, the authors performed a Tier 2 environmental–sanitary risk analysis on five artificial turf sports fields located in the city of Turin (Italy) with the aid of RISC4 software. Two receptors (adult player and child player) and three routes of exposure (direct contact with crumb rubber, contact with rainwater soaking the rubber mat, inhalation of dusts and gases from the artificial turf fields) were considered in the conceptual model. For all the fields and for all the routes, the cumulative carcinogenic risk proved to be lower than 10^?6 and the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk lower than 1. The outdoor inhalation of dusts and gases was the main route of exposure for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances. The results given by the inhalation pathway were compared with those of a risk assessment carried out on citizens breathing gases and dusts from traffic emissions every day in Turin. For both classes of substances and for both receptors, the inhalation of atmospheric dusts and gases from vehicular traffic gave risk values of one order of magnitude higher than those due to playing soccer on an artificial field.     

Near real time satellite tracking of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) movements in the Pacific Ocean

High-resolution satellite locations were obtained from striped marlin using Argos transmitters attached to the upper lobe of the caudal fin. Twenty-six striped marlin were tagged off New Zealand (2005–2007) and tracked as far as the central Pacific Ocean. Caudal fin mounted Argos tags generated 1,524 locations during a total of 659 tracking days [mean 25 (±21.24) days per fish and 2.3 (±2.30) locations per day]. 38% of locations have an estimated accuracy of ±1 km or better. Displacement rates from high quality locations ranged from 2.9 to 170.8 km in a 24 h period, with a mode at 20–30 km and a mean of 45 km/day. The caudal fin attachment methodology and antenna configuration was adjusted each season to improve transmission life and data quality, with the best results obtained in the last year of deployments (2007). The longest track duration was 102 days, with a total displacement of 4,959 km and a total track distance from all locations received of 6,850 km. Tag shedding and antenna failure appear to have limited the duration of tracks from SPOT tags. The high temporal and spatial resolution data revealed behaviours not previously observed in striped marlin, including associations to subsurface bathymetric features. High resolution location data such as these are useful inputs for statistical models used to investigate habitat selection and switching between different behavioural modes. The geolocations calculated using ukfsst estimates from PAT tag data had RMS errors of 1.01° latitude and 0.59° longitude when compared with SPOT tag Argos locations.     

Development of drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States

Perchlorate, an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters, is both naturally occurring and manmade. Because of its toxicity, there has been increased interest in setting drinking water safety standards and in health effects when perchlorate is present at low (parts per billion (ppb)) levels. In January 2009, the EPA issued a heath advisory to assist state and local officials in addressing local contamination of perchlorate in drinking water. The interim health advisory level of 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L), or ppb, is based on the reference dose recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This paper describes scope and extent of contaminant issues and a legal process of setting standards for perchlorate concentration in drinking water in the United States of America.     

Copolymerization of 2,4-dichlorophenol with humic substances by oxidative and photo-oxidative biomimetic catalysis

We evaluated the catalytic activity of a water-soluble iron-porphyrin in an oxidative coupling reaction to form covalent bonds between 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and humic molecules. The biomimetic catalysis in the presence of H₂O₂ was tested in the dark and in daylight, and changes in reaction products were revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In all conditions, iron-porphyrin was effective in promoting complete disappearance of 2,4-DCP, although catalyst activity was enhanced in daylight (with a maximum turnover number of 85.13). Further evidence of the occurred covalent coupling between 2,4-DCP and humic molecules was revealed by diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY-NMR) spectroscopy that showed a reduced diffusivity of 2,4-DCP after the catalytic reaction. These findings indicate that iron-porphyrin is an efficient catalyst for the covalent binding of polyhalogenated phenols to humic molecules, thereby suggesting that the copolymerization reactions may become a useful technology to remediate soils and waters contaminated by halogenated phenols and their analogues.