长江中游宜昌江段鱼卵时空分布特征研究

为了解长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状,并探究漂流性鱼卵空间分布特征,于2018～2019年5～7月在长江中游宜昌江段进行了鱼类早期资源调查,同时对采集到的漂流性鱼卵进行空间分布差异性分析.结果 显示,调查期间共采集鱼卵15 963粒,通过分子生物学方法共鉴定出漂流性鱼卵24种,隶属于1目3科,鱼卵优势种为鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),占总量的32.94％,其次是飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca sinensis)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus),分别占30.80％、12.65％.2018年和2019年平均鱼卵密度分别为5.61±9.72ind./100 m3,9.80±16.09 ind./100 m3,不同种类鱼卵主要出现的时间也具有明显差异.差异性分析结果显示,宜昌江段鱼卵密度在空间分布上有显著差异(P＜0.05),水平分布特征表现为江心(2018年为7.54±20.04ind./100m3, 2019年为13.15±25.49 ind./100 m3)＞南岸(2018年为6.20±7.92 ind./100 m3,2019年为9.25±14.12 ind./100 m3)＞北岸(2018年为3.07±4.71 ind./100 m3,2019年为7.00±11.65 ind./100 m3),垂直分布特征表现为中下层高于表层.该研究中获取的鱼卵在河流中的分布特征可为宜昌产卵场定位和产卵规模估算等提供数据支撑.     

Estrogenicity of pyrethroid insecticide metabolites

There is concern that insecticides are able to mimic the action of 17beta-estradiol by interaction with the human estrogen receptor. Pyrethroids are commonly used insecticides and several have been assessed for potential endocrine disrupting activity by various methods. It has been noted that some metabolites of pyrethroids, in particular, permethrin and cypermethrin, have chemical structures that are more likely to interact with the cellular estrogen receptor than the parent pyrethroid. For this study permethrin and cypermethrin metabolites 3-(4-hydroxy-3-phenoxy)benzyl alcohol, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-phenoxy)benzoic acid, and N-3-(phenoxybenzoyl)glycine were synthesised, and together with the commercially available 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, were studied in a recombinant yeast assay expressing human estrogen receptors (YES). Three metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-phenoxy)benzyl alcohol, and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, showed estrogenic activity of approximately 10(5) less than that of 17beta-estradiol. No activity was observed in the yeast assay for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-phenoxy)benzoic acid, and N-3-(phenoxybenzoyl)glycine. The results from this study show that pyrethroid metabolites are capable of interacting with the human estrogen receptor, and so might present a risk to human health and environmental well being. The impact would be expected to be small, but still add to the overall environmental xenoestrogen load.     

Persistent organic pollutants in Alaskan ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) blubber

Since 1987, the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) has collected tissues from 18 marine mammal species. Specimens are archived in the National Institute of Standards and Technology's National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NIST-NBSB). AMMTAP has collected blubber, liver and/or kidney specimens from a number of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the areas near Nome and Barrow, Alaska and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) from several locations in the Bering Sea. Thirty-three ringed seal and 15 walrus blubber samples from the NIST-NBSB were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compounds determined included PCBs (28 congeners or congener groups), DDT and related compounds, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordanes, dieldrin, and mirex. POP concentrations in ringed seal blubber were significantly higher in Barrow than in Nome when statistically accounting for the interaction of age and gender; HCB, however, was not statistically different between the two locations. Unlike males, POP concentrations and age were not significantly correlated in females probably as a result of lactational loss. POP concentrations in walrus blubber were lower than in ringed seal blubber for SigmaPCBs, chlordanes, and HCHs, but higher for dieldrin and mirex. POP concentrations in ringed seals and walrus from Alaska provide further evidence that the western Arctic tends to have lower or similar POP concentrations compared to the eastern Canadian Arctic.     

黄孢原毛平革菌吸附六价铬的研究

利用黑曲霉常用液体培养基对黄孢原毛平革菌进行扩大培养得到的菌丝球经过冷冻干燥后磨成粒径约为180 μm的粉末用于吸附废水中的Cr(Ⅵ).考察了pH、吸附时间以及预处理方法对吸附的影响.在不同初始浓度条件下,对Cr(Ⅵ)终浓度以及吸附量进行线性转换,发现pH＝2.0条件下Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型能较好地描述P.chrysosporium菌丝球粉末对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.比较吸附前后的傅立叶变换红外光谱图可知,P.chrysosporium吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后,其主要成分和结构保持完整.     

多功能膨胀渗透仪的研制及压实膨润土的渗透性试验

报道多功能膨胀渗透仪的研制及压实膨润土的渗透测试结果。该装置可用于土壤的固结、渗透、膨胀等实验,具有一物多用的特点,特别适合于难渗透的高压实膨润的研究。     

变电站多氯联苯污染源的治理

本文介绍典型的秦安变电站PCB治理情况,建立了一套土壤和空气中PCB残留量的测定方法,完成了该电站内外环境样品中PCB残留量的测定,对污染状况作了评价,设计了相应的治理方案,完成治理一年后的跟踪监测结果证实,污染基本消除,环境得到改善,该方案方法简便,适合我国国情。     

多氯联苯焚烧处置时烟灰中的二噁瑛

专门用于销毁含多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）固体废弃物的中试焚烧炉,焚烧排放物中含有微量剧毒二（ＰＣＤＤ／ＦＳ）．应用同位素稀释ＨＲＧＣ／ＨＲＭＳ方法测定了烟灰中的ＰＣＤＤ／Ｆｓ含量,以１７种有毒同族体的含量可计算出样品的２,３,７,８－ＴＣＤＤ毒性当量为４７．２ｎｇ／ｇ。     

长江中上游圆口铜鱼群体遗传结构研究

为科学地开展圆口铜鱼人工繁殖和增殖放流等保护工作,研究采用9个四碱基重复的圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）微卫星标记,对采自宜昌、三峡库区、宜宾、永善、巧家、攀枝花6个江段的199尾圆口铜鱼样本的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。依照采样点不同将圆口铜鱼分成6个群体,研究结果显示,9个微卫星标记均具有较高的多态性,各群体遗传多样性水平较高。AMOVA显示6个群体并未达到显著遗传分化水平。Structure分析将6个群体分为2组,三峡库区群体中部分个体与宜宾群体中部分个体为一组,其他为另一组。分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果与Structure分析结果间存在一定差异,可能原因在于AMOVA结果是将每个群体作为一个整体来显示的,而Structure分析结果是将每个群体按照个体数所占比例来显示的。因此,为避免遗传背景污染事件的发生,进行圆口铜鱼人工繁殖的遗传管理,分析比较放流群体和野生群体的遗传结构是必须的     

中国工业废水排放格局及其驱动因素

基于2005~2015年中国31个省（市、自治区）的环境统计数据,运用GIS空间分析方法和SARAR计量模型系统刻画了工业废水排放的时空格局演变与空间集聚特征,并进一步揭示其驱动因素及区域差异性。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,工业废水排放逐年减少,但废水排放总量不断上升,表明中国废水排放主导源已经发生替变;（2）中国工业废水排放量总体呈现“东南高、西北低”的省际格局特征,胡焕庸线可看作工业废水排放“热区”与“冷区”的分界线;（3）中国工业废水排放表现出明显的空间集聚特征,集聚趋势逐年加强;（4）SARAR模型估计结果显示,城镇化推进、第二产业发展、人口增长依次是中国工业废水排放的主要驱动因素。与全国相比,热区的SARAR模型估计结果与上述结论基本一致,但各驱动因素的影响效应略有不同     

MnO_2陶粒臭氧氧化催化剂的制备及其性能

以凹凸棒土为载体、MnO_2为活性组分,制备了MnO_2陶粒臭氧氧化催化剂,并以草酸为模拟污染物,采用响应面法对催化剂的制备条件进行了优化。实验结果表明:各因素对草酸去除率影响的显著性顺序为MnO_2投加量盐酸溶液质量分数煅烧时间煅烧温度。催化剂的最佳制备条件为:MnO_2投加量200 mg/g,盐酸溶液质量分数20%,煅烧时间2 h,煅烧温度400℃。在初始草酸质量浓度150 mg/L、溶液pH 3.11、臭氧投加量8.10 mg/min、臭氧-氧气曝气量400 m L/min的条件下,最佳条件制备的催化剂在反应30 min时的草酸去除率达66.99%。催化剂具有良好的活性稳定性,且催化过程中Mn~(2+)溶出量低。催化剂具有较大的比表面积,负载的MnO_2类型为α-MnO_2和β-MnO_2。