海陆交互带土壤及河流沉积物中镉含量及形态分布特征

镉污染对人类健康构成威胁,研究土壤中镉的空间分布可以用来评估对人类和环境构成的风险.通过分析海陆交互带不同埋深土壤中的重金属镉（Cd）含量及形态,揭示了土壤重金属镉的富集特征及变化规律.结果表明：1广州南沙区地表水中Cd质量浓度均低于0.0001 mg ·L^-1,河流沉积物的理化性质以上横沥水道为界呈现空间差异,重金属Cd主要沉积在上横沥以北,总Cd均值为2.71mg ·kg^-1,上横沥水道及以南河流沉积物总Cd为0.062~0.39mg ·kg^-1,对海洋环境危害小;②土壤剖面Cd含量随土壤埋深增加逐渐减小,埋深0~20、20~50、50~90、90~140和140~200cm等5层剖面Cd含量中值依次为0.51、0.50、0.45、0.42和0.33mg ·kg^-1,且离散程度随埋深增加逐渐减小,pH小于5的土壤中Cd在垂向上的迁移量及迁移深度显著增加;③土壤中残渣态Cd约占40%,随埋深变化趋势基本持平,弱酸提取态Cd占比中值与pH的变化一致,均随剖面埋深的增加而增大;可还原态Cd占比中值与铁、锰含量的变化一致,随剖面埋深的增加而减小.这些结果对城市周边农田土壤Cd污染的区域防治、污染土壤治理修复具有重要的指导意义.     

不同黏土矿物材料对Cd2+的吸附特征

探讨了在不同矿物投加量、不同振荡时间、不同Cd2 质量浓度、不同矿物颗粒细度和不同pH值条件下,钠基膨润土、膨胀蛭石和沸石3种黏土矿物对Cd2 的吸附效果,并比较了3种黏土矿物对Cd2 的吸附差异性.结果表明:具有可膨胀层间的黏土矿物对溶液中Cd2 的吸附量不仅仅由单一的阳离子交换量决定;Cd2 在矿物表面的吸附过程是个迅速的过程,在10 min内即可完成;黏土矿物颗粒细度不同,对Cd2 的吸附率不同,但并非颗粒越细吸附量越大;就实验所采用的3种黏土矿物而言,在较低矿物投加量条件下,其对Cd2 的吸附能力从大到小依次为钠基膨润土、沸石、膨胀蛭石;较高的pH值有助于黏土矿物对溶液中Cd2 的吸附,但考虑到实际操作的其他因素,不能把pH值调得过高.     

树木模拟燃烧排放烟尘中水溶性离子的组成

模拟林火中生物质的两种燃烧方式,明燃和闷燃,对10种乔木的干树枝和绿树枝进行室内燃烧试验,测定了排放烟尘中的水溶性离子.结果表明,干树枝明燃烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(28.88±17.54)g·kg~(-1).SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、K~+是主要组分,其平均排放因子为101.0~118.2 mg·kg~(-1).干树枝闷烧烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(6.38±2.79)g·kg~(-1).Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Cl~-是主要组分,其平均排放因子为101.1~245.7 mg·kg~(-1).绿树枝明燃烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(22.13±13.52)g·kg~(-1).SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、K~+是主要组分,其平均排放因子为136.4~197.6 mg·kg~(-1).绿树枝闷燃烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(15.71±19.09)g·kg~(-1).Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+是主要成分,其平均排放因子为298.6~869.1 mg·kg~(-1).两类树枝在每种燃烧条件下产生的烟尘中,Cl~-与K~+的含量均显著正相关.干树枝闷烧时Cl~-的排放因子与含水率显著正相关.燃烧条件、树种及含水率均对森林生物质烟尘中水溶性离子的组成及排放因子有明显的影响.这对估算大气中林火来源的污染物有参考意义.     

锐钛矿型TiO2光催化降解异噻唑啉酮废水研究

本文制备了自然光照条件下能有效降解异噻唑啉酮模拟废水(主要成分MI和CMI)的锐钛矿型TiO2光催化剂,并通过电镜分析(TEM、HRTEM)和XRD手段对其进行表征,优化了光催化处理异噻唑啉酮模拟废水的反应条件,并分析了异噻唑啉酮的降解产物情况和自然光照条件下羟基自由基的产生情况.结果表明,合成的锐钛矿型TiO2主要暴露面为{101}面,具有较好的异噻唑啉酮去除效果.在500 W氙灯照射下,12~53 mg·L-1异噻唑啉酮模拟废水在催化剂投加量为677 mg·L-1的条件下反应4 h,异噻唑啉酮去除率可以达到97%~100%;当异噻唑啉酮模拟废水浓度升高为141 mg·L-1时,其去除率为77%~80%,最佳反应时间4 h.对异噻唑啉酮降解产物的分析显示,在光催化反应结束时,MI为主要的残留物质,CMI脱氯转化为氯离子和MI,并发现未知有机产物.     

改性污泥活性炭吸附废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的性能研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,1.0 mol/L KOH做活化改性剂,制备污泥活性炭,探讨不同条件下其对废水中Cr(VI)的吸附性能.结果表明,污泥活性炭对Cr(VI)吸附的最佳条件为:pH为2,温度为25℃,污泥活性炭投加量为5 g/L,吸附时间为40 min.此条件下,废水中Cr(VI)的去除率可达99%以上.动力学分析表明,污泥活性炭对Cr(VI)废水的吸附符合准二级动力学方程与Langmuir等温式.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different tissues of the cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Dongting Lake, China

Tissue distribution provides important information regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior of pollutants and is invaluable when analyzing the risk posed to avian species by the exposure to such kind of pollutants. In this study, concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, gall bladder, skin, heart, pancreas, intestine and lung tissue extracts of cormorants collected from Dongting Lake, China. Tissue distribution results showed preferential accumulation of PCDD/Fs in both liver and skin. The total concentration of PCDD/Fs ranged from 421 to 5696 pg/g lipid weight. Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was the predominant congener in all tissues and contributed between 31% and 82% to all 17 PCDD/Fs in different tissues. The liver/muscle ratios progressively increased with the degree of chlorination of PCDDs, except for OCDD. The relative toxic potential of PCDDs and PCDFs in tissues were calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for birds. The concentrations of WHO-toxic equivalent in different tissues ranged between 14.8 and 2021 pg/g lipid weight. These results indicated PCDD/Fs may have been bio-accumulated in cormorant via food-web. Furthermore, when compared with studies reported in the literatures, the PCDD/Fs levels in the cormorant collected from Dongting Lake were still relatively high.     

西南环境移民安置地的生态环境状况

以桂西北环江县肯福环境移民安置示范区为例，对我国西南喀斯特地区，环境移民安置区的气候、地貌、土壤与植被等主要生态因子，进行了调查研究与取样分析，研究表明，环境移民安置地由于地处亚热带季风气候区，具有气候温暖，雨量充沛、日照充足，且雨热同季的特点；地貌破碎，土地以坡地为主，但有一定量可开垦利用的土地；土壤主要为红壤，土壤剖面发育良好，有机质和氮含量相对丰富，磷、钾缺乏，土壤酸度大，土壤质地和结构尚可     

铁酸锰活性炭阴极催化剂的制备与对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阴极的氧化还原反应能力对MFC的产电性能起着至关重要的作用,因此,本研究制备了铁酸锰/活性炭(MnFe₂O₄/AC)并对其进行材料学表征,研究其作为MFC空气阴极催化剂时产电和污水处理效果.研究表明,MnFe₂O₄和AC物质的量比为1:3时MFC电功率密度最高,达302.7mW/m².在峰值电压附近维持时间长达200h,维持时间是传统Pt/C催化剂MFC的4倍,库伦效率达到17.45%.在催化剂重复利用实验中发现,在相同的运行时间内,采用Pt/C催化剂的MFC电压下降明显,而采用MnFe₂O₄/AC催化剂的MFC电压基本保持稳定,证明了MnFe₂O₄/AC催化剂良好的循环稳定性.污水处理效果方面,MnFe₂O₄和AC物质的量比为1:3时处理效果最好,COD去除率达74.66%.因此,MnFe₂O₄/AC催化剂制备简单、价格低廉、电化学性能稳定,在提高MFC产电持久性方面具有实际意义.     

Submicron particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Polish teaching rooms: Concentrations, origin and health hazard

The goal of the work was to investigate the concentrations of the 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) bound to submicrometer particles(particulate matter, PM_1) suspended in the air of university teaching rooms and in the atmospheric air outside. Two teaching rooms were selected in two Polish cities, Gliwice, southern Poland,and Warsaw, central Poland, differing with regard to the ambient concentrations and major sources of PM and PAH. The variabilities of indoor and outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, the ratio(I/O) of the indoor to outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, probable sources of PAH and the level of the hazard from the mixture of the 16 PAH(ΣPAH) to humans at both sites were analyzed. In both Warsaw and Gliwice, the mean concentrations of PM_1-bound ΣPAH were slightly higher in the atmospheric air than in the rooms. The indoor and outdoor concentrations of individual PAH in Gliwice were correlated,in Warsaw – they were not. Most probably, the lack of the correlations in Warsaw was due to the existence of an unidentified indoor source of gaseous PAH enriching PM_1 in phenanthrene, fluorene, and pyrene. Although the ambient concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH were low compared to the ones observed earlier at both sites, they were much higher than in other urbanized European areas. However, because of low mass share of heavy PAH in ΣPAH, the various indicators of the health hazard from the 16 PAH mixture were low compared to other regions.     

酸化超滤法和螯合超滤法回收再利用SDS胶团

以含Cd²⁺的浓缩废液为对象,考察了不同的酸化剂、螯合剂、pH值、操作模式对Cd²⁺的分离、SDS胶团的回收和再利用效果的影响.结果表明,酸化超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:硫酸作为酸化剂,pH值为1.0,间歇式操作,此条件下,浓缩废液中Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为98.0%和58.1%,回收的SDS胶团再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率仍有80.2%;螯合超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:EDTA作为螯合剂,不控制pH值(pH=4.4),间歇式操作,此条件下,Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为90.1%和60.5%,再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率达到79.4%.