Practical sustainability criteria for decision-making

SUMMARY

The new paradigm of sustainability necessitates revisions to traditional decision-making processes. This paper, which is the first in a series of four, outlines the changes required for decision-making to reflect sustainability concerns. Three sustainability criteria, that are the focus of the three subsequent papers, are introduced and the rationale for each is explained. A framework for incorporating the three sustainability criteria into the decision-making process is briefly outlined. The paper ends with the introduction to a case study, the North Central Project (NCP) for electricity supply alternatives. The NCP is used in the three following papers to demonstrate the individual components of the new approach to sustainable decision-making.     

在线远程风机故障诊断系统的研究开发

针对风电场机组布置分散、机舱位置高等原因导致风电机组安全检查不到位,早期故障难以发现的问题,应用现代振动分析诊断技术,基于Windows系统平台,开发了在线远程风机故障诊断系统。应用结果表明:在线远程诊断风机故障系统可在风机发生故障早期发现隐患,为评价设备状态、判断设备故障提供科学依据,提高了风电场的运行效益。     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

Identification of distinct movement patterns in Pacific leatherback turtle populations influenced by ocean conditions

Interactions with fisheries are believed to be a major cause of mortality for adult leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), which is of particular concern in the Pacific Ocean, where they have been rapidly declining. In order to identify where these interactions are occurring and how they may be reduced, it is essential first to understand the movements and behavior of leatherback turtles. There are two regional nesting populations in the East Pacific (EP) and West Pacific (WP), comprising multiple nesting sites. We synthesized tracking data from the two populations and compared their movement patterns. A switching state-space model was applied to 135 Argos satellite tracks to account for observation error, and to distinguish between migratory and area-restricted search behaviors. The tracking data, from the largest leatherback data set ever assembled, indicated that there was a high degree of spatial segregation between EP and WP leatherbacks. Area-restricted search behavior mainly occurred in the southeast Pacific for the EP leatherbacks, whereas the WP leatherbacks had several different search areas in the California Current, central North Pacific, South China Sea, off eastern Indonesia, and off southeastern Australia. We also extracted remotely sensed oceanographic data and applied a generalized linear mixed model to determine if leatherbacks exhibited different behavior in relation to environmental variables. For the WP population, the probability of area-restricted search behavior was positively correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration. This response was less strong in the EP population, but these turtles had a higher probability of search behavior where there was greater Ekman upwelling, which may increase the transport of nutrients and consequently prey availability. These divergent responses to oceanographic conditions have implications for leatherback vulnerability to fisheries interactions and to the effects of climate change. The occurrence of leatherback turtles within both coastal and pelagic areas means they have a high risk of exposure to many different fisheries, which may be very distant from their nesting sites. The EP leatherbacks have more limited foraging grounds than the WP leatherbacks, which could make them more susceptible to any temperature or prey changes that occur in response to climate change.     

造纸废水短流程动态平衡水循环利用工艺

斜网脱水机、洗浆机及抄纸机产生的废水短流程逆向分段回用于水力碎浆机、配浆池和成浆池,同时在纸机抄造系统中加入与废水蒸发量相当的新鲜水,实现了废水动态平衡与短流程循环利用"零"排放的目标。河南滑县光明纸业责任有限公司采用该工艺以来,每年可节约水资源61万t,减排COD量为43 t,年减少污泥量510 t,故该工艺具有良好的应用前景。     

城市天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

针对城市天然气管道和城市周围环境的特点,进行了城市管道天然气泄漏事故动态数值模拟,得到了天然气泄漏5,10,15,20 s时甲烷浓度分布图和安全区域图,结果显示城市天然气管道泄漏的规律不同于在平坦地势的泄漏规律,模拟结果可以为城市管道设计和事故求援提供指导依据。     

尾矿库溃坝后果数值分析

溃坝灾害是尾矿库各类安全事故中后果最为严重、破坏性最强的一类。在对比分析了尾矿库溃坝砂流、水库溃坝水流和泥石流的基础上,探讨了尾矿库溃坝砂流运动状态的3种方法。并结合某尾矿库的实际情况,从5个关键因素入手,依据现有的水力学公式对该尾矿库的溃坝后果进行了数值分析,预测了尾矿库溃坝后果的影响范围,求得溃坝砂流到达下游各截面的时间、最大流量、泥沙深度等关键参数。为尾矿库的风险管理和制定相应的溃坝后果应急预案提供了重要依据。     

晶种法回收和去除高浓度含氟废水中的氟

以氟化盐厂3 100 mg/L含氟废水为处理对象,提出了以氢氧化钙清液为沉淀剂,添加晶种回收废水中氟化物的新工艺。结果表明,采用氟化钙回收装置对废水进行处理,当Ca/F=1.2∶2、反应终点pH=6.1～6.6时,出水氟离子质量浓度低于20 mg/L,达到国家二级排放标准,氟化钙污泥呈砂状,含水率低,易于回用,氟回收率高于99.5%,可以有效降低氟污染和资源浪费。     

预测法在安全生产中的应用研究评述及展望

为更好地研究不同预测法在安全生产领域的应用现状和发展趋势,以当前安全类主流杂志中发表的涉及安全生产的文献为依据,统计6种定量预测法使用的频率和范围,分析预测法在当前安全生产方面应用的特点和成效,探讨预测法在安全领域的应用价值和前景。得出结论:选择有效预测法能极大地提高安全生产中事故发生的预测效率,做到先预防再预控;没有一种预测法是恒定有效的,预测法的选择需要根据不同部门、不同场景进行调整;组合预测法的灵活使用不仅能够避免单一预测法的不足,而且能提高事故预测的准确度。     

数字化核电站SGTR事故操纵员认知分析

核电站主控室数字化后的人因特征包括数字化规程、警报系统、操作班组信息共享、界面管理任务,它们对操纵员认知可靠性都有重要影响。IDA认知模型把操纵员认知过程分为信息(Information)、诊断(Diagnosis)/决策(Decision)、执行(Action)3个阶段。按IDA模型把数字化核电站主控室操纵员SGTR事故认知过程分为3个阶段,对每个阶段进行操作分析,找到操纵员在SGTR事故认知过程各阶段最容易发生的失误和主要失误。操纵员认知失误发生的原因在于界面管理任务增大了认知难度以及数字化后缺乏情景意识等。