基于模糊综合评价的地铁站消防安全风险评估

为了降低地铁车站的火灾发生率,对地铁车站消防安全风险进行评价,从主动防火能力、被动防火能力、消防安全管理、乘客安全行为4个方面建立包含24个二级指标的地铁站消防安全风险评价体系.对武汉市武昌火车站地铁站进行实地调研,利用模糊综合评价法对地铁站进行火灾风险评估,得出该地铁车站火灾风险隶属矩阵为{0.2284,0.3721...     

15株微藻对猪场养殖污水中氮磷的净化及其细胞营养分析

在实验室条件下调查了15株淡水微藻在猪场养殖污水中的生长性能、细胞组成及各微藻对污水中氮磷的去除效果.结果表明:15株微藻均可有效降低猪场养殖污水中的氮磷含量,但不同藻株对污水中不同形态氮的去除效果差异明显.多棘栅藻(Scenedesmus spinosus)SHOUF7、多棘栅藻(S.spinosus)SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻(S.quadricanda)SHOU-F35去除总氮效果最佳.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和斜生栅藻(S.obliquus)SHOU-F21去除硝态氮效果最好,最大去除率可达到100%.椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3、单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)SHOU-F5和四球藻(Tetrachlorella alternans)SHOU-F24去除氨态氮效果最好,最大去除率为97.82%.各株微藻对污水中总磷的去除率均很高,可达91.00%以上.利用猪场养殖污水培养的各株微藻细胞蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成差异显著,蛋白含量最高的为椭圆小球藻(Ch.ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3(43.90%),含量最低的为多棘栅藻SHOU-F8(23.87%);16∶0和18∶3n3在各株微藻中含量均较丰富.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8、淡水小球藻(Chlorella sp.)SHOU-F19和针形纤维藻(A.acicularis)SHOU-F120的脂肪酸甲酯的理论烷基值超过47.因此,多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻SHOU-F35是净化猪场养殖污水的优良藻株,其中,多棘栅藻SHOU-F8是猪场养殖污水净化耦合微藻生物柴油生产的合适藻株.     

基于贝叶斯网络的生物质气化中毒事故分析

由于生物质气化产生的燃气中含有CO,导致生物质气化站极易发生泄漏中毒事故并造成人员伤亡,同时考虑到传统的系统安全分析方法在风险评估中存在一定局限性,引入贝叶斯网络分析模型,应用Ge NIe软件将系统故障树转成贝叶斯网络,根据贝叶斯双向推理进行故障预测和诊断,快速、准确识别系统薄弱环节。实例应用表明,所构建的贝叶斯网络分析模型对生物质气化进行风险评估是可行的,且较传统的事件树、故障树分析方法更加科学、合理。     

太湖流域经济增长与环境污染水平的关系研究

环境库兹涅茨曲线（KEC）是描述污染问题与经济发展之间关系的常用模型,一般情况下呈倒“U”形。通过对太湖流域1991-2005年的人均GDP与工业三废排放量之间的关系分析,研究发现,太湖流域的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征为增长的凹曲线,不同于传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线,同时分析了产生这一现象的原因,并从调整经济结构、转变增长方式、发展循环经济方面给出政策建议。     

天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染特征

以天津城市道路灰尘重金属为研究对象,按照环线分布将天津市中心城区划分为内环以内、内环-中环、中环以外3个区域,总共设置93个采样点。对表层灰尘进行采样收集,预处理后测定样品的理化性质,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定道路灰尘中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb的含量,进而分析天津市道路灰尘重金属的含量水平,运用ArcGIS软件中的地统计分析方法内插得出其空间分布特征,通过Pearson相关分析和主成分分析判析重金属来源。研究结果表明：道路灰尘颗粒粒径表现为双峰,主峰对应粒径较小,且为非正态分布,大量小粒径颗粒的存在使重金属含量增高;市区和各环区有机质变异系数较大,道路灰尘中有机质的空间分布差异较大,因而人为因素影响广泛;市区道路灰尘中重金属 Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni 和 Pb的平均含量依次为0.99、121.41、100.62、43.35和61.48 mg·kg-1,分别为天津土壤环境背景值的11.00倍、1.44倍、3.49倍、1.30倍和2.93倍;Cd、Cr和Cu的空间分布差异较大,Ni和Pb的空间分布差异较小;Pearson相关分析表明Pb-有机质（P＜0.05）, Cu-Ni（P＜0.01）和Cr-Cu（P＜0.05）之间存在显著正相关关系,主成分分析人为因素的积累贡献率为33.050%,自然因素的积累贡献率为57.315%,因此得出重金属受人为因素影响较大,交通尾气排放和工业污染为天津道路灰尘重金属污染的重要来源,且以多因子复合影响为主。     

The environmental fate of thymol,a novel botanical pesticide,in tropical agricultural soil and water

In this study, the environmental fate of thymol, including hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, soil sorption and soil degradation, was studied under conditions that simulated the tropical agricultural environment. This study was undertaken to supply basic information for evaluating the environmental risks of applying this new botanical pesticide to tropical crop production. The results showed that the hydrolysis of thymol was pH-dependent and accelerated by acidic conditions and high temperatures. However, the hydrolysis rate was far lower than the aqueous photolysis rate, indicating that direct photolysis is an important dissipation pathway for thymol in water. The sorption of thymol by three tropical soils was consistently well described by the Freundlich model, and the sorption coefficients increased in the order sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil, a characterization that depended on the organic carbon contents of the soil. The soil degradation rate of thymol decreased in the order sandy soil > loamy soil > clay soil, which has a negative correlation with the sorption of thymol in soils. We concluded that the degradation rates of thymol in tropical soil and water are fast: thymol in water is photodegraded (50%) by sunlight within 28 h, and the thymol in soils is degraded (50%) within 8.4 d. Therefore, the environmental risk to the surrounding soils and water of thymol application for tropical crop production is low.     

去电子水对牛粪秸秆好氧堆肥进程及细菌群落的影响

通过对普通水进行去电子处理,得到可利用性较强的去电子水,但其对好氧堆肥进程的影响还不明确．在牛粪秸秆好氧堆肥过程中添加去电子水,分析堆肥腐熟进程,并通过细菌群落结构变化揭示其作用的微生物学机理．研究结果表明去电子水处理堆肥的电导率（EC）、腐熟度（E4/E6）和C/N分别比对照组降低了48.7%、43.2%和27.9%,堆肥最高温度和种子发芽指数（GI）分别升高了17.5%、30.6%．同时去电子水提高了Glycomyces、Ammoniibacillus、Flavobacterium、Actinomadura和Geobacillus等优势属的相对丰度,改变了细菌群落的分布．冗余分析表明堆肥不同阶段的细菌优势菌属驱动着堆肥温度、pH、EC的变化,提高GI,促进堆肥腐熟．总之,加入去电子水有利于调节堆肥环境,缩短堆肥周期,并增加优势属的相对丰度,提高堆肥产品的稳定性．     

QTRAP LC-MS/MS技术在污染事故快速定性中的应用

采用液相色谱-四极杆/线性离子阱复合质谱(QTRAP LC-MS/MS)技术用于污染事故水样中未知农药的快速定性分析。由于QTRAP LC-MS/MS具有较好的灵敏度,样品无需前处理即可进样,大大提高了样品的分析速度。在某次污染事故水样定性分析工作中,该技术的应用非常快速地解决了污染源判定问题,为污染事故的应急处置提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

An empirical study on the driving mechanism of proactive corporate environmental management in China

Environmentalism in China is under transformation from the traditional command and control model to emphasize the advantages of economic tools and encourage the participation of the public. Firms are much more aware of the importance of environmental issues, and some of them have practiced environmental activities beyond compliance. In order to help understand the driving mechanism of proactive corporate environmental behaviors from the firm’s perspective, this paper identifies the drivers affecting the proactive environmental management level (EML_p) based on the institutional theory, and gives an empirical study on the firms based in Changshu city of Jiangsu Province, China. The usable data, collected from the 117 valid respondents in a questionnaire survey, indicates that EML_p is still moderately low currently. Less than 10% of the samples are practicing all the six categorized types of voluntary environmental activities. The econometric exercise confirms a significantly positive effect of the externally mimetic pressure on EML_p, which may attribute to a higher sensitivity of Chinese companies to the market factors. However, the roles of the general public and industrial associations are not significant, showing the marginal power of selected normative pressures. Regarding internal factors, firms, which view environmental issues as opportunities and often arrange internal environmental training, are more likely to adopt proactive environmental activities. More concerns from the general public like neighborhood communities and mass media shall be addressed to enhance the normative power to improve EML_p in China from the future perspective.     

Functional mechanisms of mandatory corporate environmental disclosure: an empirical study in China

This paper analyzes the functions of a government-oriented disclosure program in China, which rates company environmental performance into five colors and discloses the results to the public. The rating results and their annual changes during 2005–2007 are statistically summarized by using the detailed database provided by municipal environmental protection bureau of the study area: Changshu city in Jiangsu province. The reflexive, deterrent and enhancement mechanisms, preliminarily identified for the disclosure program, are qualitatively evaluated by using the information collected by onsite interviews to 32 program participating firms. In overall, the firms' environmental performances have been improved. The companies with worse rating records would be more likely to improve their environmental performances in the following years. The disclosure program encourages the firms to be more reflexive to their internal environmental problems. The deterrent and enhancement functions of the program are weak due to the marginal pressure from the classified stakeholders such as investors, business partners and creditors. The influence of the public, such as neighboring communities and environmental NGOs, is weak too. Encouraging serious reactions of firm's stakeholders to the disclosed rating results should be addressed in order to enhance the effectiveness of the disclosure strategy.