环境材料及其评价方法

本文综述了环境材料的实质、特点及其与传统材料在主要内涵、研究重点、评价指标体系和材料选择原则的差异 ,并介绍了环境材料的评价体系与方法和设计原则     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一 ,厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料 ,这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素 ,而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此 ,国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现 ,对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌 ,其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用     

Concurrent catalytic removal of typical volatile organic compound mixtures over Au-Pd/α-MnO2 nanotubes

α-MnO_2 nanotubes and their supported Au-Pd alloy nanocatalysts were prepared using hydrothermal and polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction methods, respectively. Their catalytic activity for the oxidation of toluene/m-xylene, acetone/ethyl acetate, acetone/m-xylene and ethyl acetate/m-xylene mixtures was evaluated. It was found that the interaction between Au-Pd alloy nanoparticles and α-MnO_2 nanotubes significantly improved the reactivity of lattice oxygen, and the 0.91 wt.% Au0.48 Pd/α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst outperformed the α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst in the oxidation of toluene, m-xylene, ethyl acetate and acetone. Over the0.91 wt.% Au0.48 Pd/α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst,(i) toluene oxidation was greatly inhibited in the toluene/m-xylene mixture, while m-xylene oxidation was not influenced;(ii) acetone and ethyl acetate oxidation suffered a minor impact in the acetone/ethyl acetate mixture; and(iii) m-xylene oxidation was enhanced whereas the oxidation of the oxygenated VOCs(volatile organic compounds) was suppressed in the acetone/m-xylene or ethyl acetate/m-xylene mixtures. The competitive adsorption of these typical VOCs on the catalyst surface induced an inhibitive effect on their oxidation, and increasing the temperature favored the oxidation of the VOCs. The mixed VOCs could be completely oxidized into CO_2 and H_2 O below 320°C at a space velocity of 40,000 m L/(g·hr). The 0.91 wt.% Au0.48 Pd/α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst exhibited high catalytic stability as well as good tolerance to water vapor and CO_2 in the oxidation of the VOC mixtures. Thus, the α-MnO_2 nanotube-supported noble metal alloy catalysts hold promise for the efficient elimination of VOC mixtures.     

中国2000—2010年耕地低效转化的空间特征

耕地向经济效益相对较低的用地类型转化具有多重社会及生态效应。论文首先将耕地向草地、灌丛地和裸地的转化定义为“耕地低效转化”,然后以GlobeLand30为基础,提取2000—2010年的低效转化耕地,并结合耕地资源禀赋和地形条件,从多尺度、多角度深入揭示了我国耕地低效转化的空间分布特征。结果表明：1）全国总体的耕地低效转化率仅为1.50%,但区域差异明显,空间分布极不均衡;2）耕地低效转化依照地势的三级阶梯呈现明显的区域分异规律,农牧交错带的耕地转化问题最为严重,但耕作条件好、原有耕地比例高的东部地区,耕地低效转化水平一般较低;3）耕地低效转化率大体随海拔和坡度的增加而增加,但会受到地形复杂度的影响。     

基于脆弱性的地下水污染监测网多目标优化方法

区域地下水监测井的优化布设对于区域地下水系统管理有很重要的作用.为了以最少的监测费用最大化地获取区域污染风险和污染现状信息,以监测井数量最小、区域污染监测有效性最大、监测到的区域脆弱性分值最大为目标,建立了基于脆弱性评价的地下水污染监测网多目标优化模型.通过地下水脆弱性评价和溶质运移模型计算得到不同点位地下水脆弱性分值和污染物浓度,针对不同脆弱性等级提出区域监测井初设密度,采用改进非劣支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）基于初设监测网求解该多目标优化模型,结合质量误差分析确定监测网优化方案.结果表明,阿什河漫滩区和樊家沟流域地下水硝酸盐氮污染相对较严重;地下水脆弱性高和较高等级区域分别分布在抽水井群影响范围和河漫滩;结合NSGA-Ⅱ Pareto最优解及质量误差分析结果,得到该区域地下水监测井最优数量（12口）及其最优布设位置.研究显示,该优化监测网与初设监测网插值所得污染羽的质量误差小于15%,满足监测精度要求.      

Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption‐desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure

This work was undertaken to investigate the behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption and desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. Five kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were selected. Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves for toluene were measured. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the equilibrium data, and the Freundlich equation was more suitable for simulating toluene adsorption. The process consisted of monolayer, multilayer and partial active site adsorption types. The effect of the pore structure of the activated carbons on toluene adsorption capacity was investigated. The quasi-first-order model was more suitable for describing the process than the quasi-second-order model. The adsorption data was also modeled by the internal particle diffusion model and it was found that the adsorption process could be divided into three stages. In the external surface adsorption process, the rate depended on the specific surface area. During the particle diffusion stage, pore structure and volume were the main factors affecting adsorption rate. In the final equilibrium stage, the rate was determined by the ratio of meso-and macro-pores to total pore volume. The rate over the whole adsorption process was dominated by the toluene concentration. The desorption behavior of toluene on activated carbons was investigated,and the process was divided into heat and mass transfer parts corresponding to emission and diffusion mechanisms, respectively. Physical adsorption played the main role during the adsorption process.     

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).     

开放和封闭空间内不同间隙的竖向电缆燃烧试验研究

为了研究封闭空间对竖向电缆燃烧过程的影响,在开放空间和封闭空间内分别进行了一系列不同间隙的竖向电缆燃烧试验。通过分析开放空间和封闭空间内不同电缆间隙的竖向电缆燃烧过程中质量损失速率,得到电缆之间的间隙对竖向电缆燃烧速率有着决定性的影响。通过对比开放空间和封闭空间内竖向电缆的燃烧过程发现,封闭空间对竖向电缆燃烧过程的影响作用存在一个临界区间,该区间的临界判据是由电缆燃烧火焰对电缆的热作用和封闭空间内烟气层对电缆的热反馈决定的。基于封闭空间内的竖向温度分布,通过分析其无量纲温度梯度,得到封闭空间内竖向电缆燃烧过程存在一个特征明显的温度过渡区域。     

HAZOP助学系统在安全工程专业实习中的应用

提出一种基于Browser/Server构架的HAZOP(Hazard and Operability Analysis)助学系统,采用开放式自学习设计,通过收集审核HAZOP工程分析案例,构建"标准偏差信息库",为生产实习提供HAZOP学习指导。系统可实现相似偏差信息检索、辅助分析、专家在线审核及自动生成报告等功能。以柴油加氢精制装置为例,介绍该系统辅助HAZOP分析的过程。实践表明,系统有助于学生理解偏差、后果及控制措施的工程意义,有效掌握HAZOP方法要点,加深对工艺安全的理解,提高实习的教学效果。     

贵州近50年来的径流过程时空演变特征及驱动因素诊断

本文以贵州10个径流站覆盖近50年的实测月径流资料(1956~2000)及19个气象站同期实测资料为基础,结合Mann-Kendall趋势分析和流量历时曲线FDCs等方法,分析了时间变异点(1986年)前后贵州8大主要流域的径流过程的年度和季节变化、洪枯水变化规律及其演变的空间特征。结果表明:(1)从时间规律上看,贵州主要江河近50年间径流变化大部分测站呈现小幅增加趋势,个别下游水文站径流呈明显增加趋势;(2)1987~2000年期间贵州的汛期径流和1956~1986年期间相比更加集中了;(3)贵州大多数水文站月径流洪水指标(Q5)在1986年后有不同幅度增加,而枯水指标(Q95)1986年后涨跌互现。与之对应的洪水指数(Q5/Q50)及枯水指数(Q95/Q50)也存在类似规律;(4)从空间规律上看,贵州西北部地区和东南部地区径流减少,其它地方(主要集中在乌江上游)增加。贵州1986年前后近50年时期内的降水及蒸发的空间规律与其径流变化空间规律是基本吻合的,说明贵州过去近50年来的径流过程变化主要是由气候变化引起的。本文的研究结果对保证并促进贵州地区区域水资源、生态与环境和谐健康的可持续发展具有非常重要的战略意义和科学价值。