细颗粒物的免疫毒性研究进展

近年来,我国机动车数目迅猛增加及以煤炭为主的能源消耗大幅攀升,区域灰霾现象频发,细颗粒物的环境空气污染问题日益凸显.细颗粒物由于其成分、粒径与来源等的多样性,对健康的影响更为严重和复杂.细颗粒物可通过破坏组织屏障、损伤免疫细胞、调节细胞因子的分泌等方式影响免疫系统的功能,与多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展密切相关,但其致病机制尚未阐明.本文对细颗粒物致人体的免疫毒性效应及其可能机制进行综述,并提出今后开展此类研究的建议.     

中国长江三角洲流域百菌清水生生物基准研究

通过生态毒理试验,获得百菌清对长江三角洲流域14种代表性水生生物的毒性数据。分别采用评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法,推导长江三角洲流域百菌清水生生物基准值。评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得出的急性基准值分别是0.066μg·L~(-1)、3.00μg·L~(-1)和0.51μg·L~(-1),慢性基准值分别是0.0089μg·L~(-1)、0.40μg·L~(-1)和0.136μg·L~(-1)。比较了3种方法得出的基准值之间的差异并分析了原因,在此基础上,提出了我国长江三角洲流域百菌清水生生物基准推荐值,并与国外基准值进行了比较。研究结果可为中国农药水质标准制修订及水生生物风险评估提供科学依据。     

Performance of a hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor for the treatment of decentralized molasses wastewater

A novel hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor （HAOBR） was developed to simultaneously remove nitrogenous and carbonaceous organic pollutants from decentralized molasses wastewater in the study. The study was based on the inoculation of anaerobic granule sludge in anaerobic compartments and the installation of combination filler in aerobic compartments. The performance of reactor system was studied regarding the hydraulic retention time （HRT）, microbial characteristics and the gas water ratio （GWR）. When the HRT was 24h and the GWR was 20：1, total ammonia and chemical oxygen demand （COD） of the effluent were reduced by 99% and 91.8%, respectively. The reactor performed stably for treating decentralized molasses wastewater. The good performance of the reactor can be attributed to the high resistance of COD and hydraulic shock loads. In addition, the high solid retention time of contact oxidation biofilm contributed to stable performance of the reactor.     

上海市专项化学品制造行业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

选取上海市某工业区内专项化学品制造行业中有代表性的10家企业,使用苏玛罐对各企业有组织排放废气进行采样,通过GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对106种VOCs进行分析,研究了专项化学品制造行业的VOCs排放特征,并使用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法计算了各企业排放VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明:OVOCs（含氧挥发性有机物）和芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的VOCs特征组分,OVOCs与芳香烃质量分数之和为65.0%~100.0%;8家企业排放的VOCs中质量分数最高的物种均为OVOCs,w（OVOCs）为55.8%~99.9%.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等OVOCs及苯、甲苯等芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的特征物种.10家企业排放VOCs的OFP（臭氧生成潜势）为1.9~933.5 mg/m 3,OVOCs和芳香烃是专项化学品制造企业的主要活性组分,累计对OFP的贡献率在80.1%~100.0%之间.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲基异丁基酮、苯和甲苯等是专项化学品制造行业的关键活性物种.研究显示,专项化学品制造行业VOCs污染治理应重点控制OVOCs和芳香烃.      

负载型催化剂光催化氧化五氯苯酚钠的效果

研究以TiO₂ 为基本活性组分、空心玻璃珠为载体、硅酸钠为粘合剂的负载型催化剂的制备技术 .选取五氯苯酚钠 (PCP-Na)为处理对象 ,结合对催化剂比表面和晶型结构的表征 ,对制备的催化剂进行筛选评价 .实验结果表明 :在适当的条件下 (二氧化钛、空心玻璃珠、40%硅酸钠溶液重量比为 4∶20∶2,650℃下烧 3h)所制备的C3型催化剂不仅光催化活性高 ,且负载牢固 ,易与水分离 .对初始COD_Cr=400mg·L^-1,PCP-Na=10mg·L^-1的反应液 ,在光照强度为 30kW·m^-2下 2hCOD_Cr去除率大于 65% ,PCP-Na去除率大于 92%.试验进一步探讨C3型催化剂投加量、反应液初始浓度、供氧量对催化反应的影响 .     

长春秋季细颗粒物中有机气溶胶组成特征及来源

利用大流量采样器采集了长春城郊2016年10月至2016年11月大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品共40套,分析了颗粒物中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)以及非极性有机化合物(主要包括正构烷烃、多环芳烃以及藿烷类化合物)和生物质燃烧标志物左旋葡聚糖的质量浓度,并用分子标记物、特征比值及主成分分析-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型等方法探讨了有机气溶胶的主要来源.结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度为(79. 0±55. 7)μg·m~(-3),OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为(20. 7±15. 6)μg·m~(-3)和(2. 2±1. 1)μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)的26. 2%和2. 8%.所测非极性有机化合物的总平均浓度为(186. 3±104. 5) ng·m~(-3),浓度高低顺序为正构烷烃[(101. 3±67. 0) ng·m~(-3)]多环芳烃[(81. 4±46. 0) ng·m~(-3)]藿烷类化合物[(3. 8±1. 9) ng·m~(-3),其主要来源包括煤燃烧源、生物质燃烧源以及交通源.主成分分析-多元线性回归模型得出该地区有机气溶胶主要排放源的相对贡献依次是煤燃烧源(47. 0%)、生物质燃烧源(42. 6%)和交通源(10. 4%).本研究结果可为我国东北地区有机气溶胶污染防控提供科学依据.     

三阶段控温堆肥过程中接种复合微生物菌群的变化规律研究

接种复合微生物是提高堆肥效率的主要方法之一,但由于堆料中土生微生物的竞争,较高浓度的土生微生物浓度会抑制接种微生物的长生繁殖.实验表明:当堆料中土生微生物初始浓度为4×10⁸CFU/g时,所接种的微生物不增殖,且随着堆肥的进行,浓度下降很快;而非接种微生物增殖很快,最高浓度可达10¹⁰CFU/g.当土生微生物浓度降低至4×10⁵个/g,接种微生物增殖较快,最高达10¹¹CFU/g.因此,本文利用堆肥自身产热和少许外来热源加热的三阶段控温法进行堆肥.使堆温在4 h内迅速升到70℃以上,并维持8 h,从而使土生微生物浓度降至4×10⁵个/g以下,并起到软化堆料,便于微生物降解的目的.待温度冷却至35℃～45℃时,接种复合微生物,使其快速生长繁殖,数量从10⁸ CFU/g上升到10¹¹CFU/g(干样品),且接种微生物以非接种做生物保持优势地位,从而快速分解垃圾中的有机物.由于在最终产品中含有大量接种有益微生物,可利用其作为菌肥进行回流接种堆肥,以增加堆料中接种微生物数目、改善堆肥微环境、节约菌剂用量、缩短堆肥发酵周期和降低堆肥成本.但利用接种微生物堆肥产品作为菌肥反复接种时,随着反复次数的增加,非接种微生物高浓度繁殖;接种微生物和非接种微生物浓度比约为1:3(反复接种5次),浓度情况发生了逆变.因此,回流菌肥反复接种5次后,接种菌剂基本上就不再起作用了.     

Decolorization and biodegradation of dye wastewaters by a facultative-aerobic process

BACKGROUND: Dye wastewater is one of the main pollution sources of water bodies in China. Conventional biological processes are relatively ineffective for color removal, the development of alternative treatment methods will become important. Our subjective was that of introducing a new biotreatment technology which combined a facultative biofilm reactor (FBR) with an aerobic reactor (AR) to treat a dye wastewater. The efficiencies of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the mechanism of dye degradation were investigated. METHODS: The anthraquinone acid dye (acid blue BRLL) concentration, organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were varied in the experiments to evaluate the treatment efficiency and process stability. The biodegradation products were detected by infrared (IR) and high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated that the facultative biofilm process was more effective for decolorization than the anaerobic stage of an anaerobic-aerobic process. Most color removal occurred in the facultative reaction (maximum to 88.5%) and the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand): COD of the FBR effluent increased by 82.2%, thus improving the biodegradability of dyes for further aerobic treatment. The dye concentration, OLR and HRT will be the factors affecting decolorization. Color removal efficiency falls as the influent dye concentration increases, but rises with increased HRT. The infrared and HPLC-MS analyses of the effluents of FBR and AR reveal that the dye parent compound was degraded in each reactor during the process. CONCLUSION: The Facultative-aerobic (F-A) system can effectively remove both color and COD from the dye wastewater. The FBR played an essential role in the process. The average overall color and COD in the system were removed by more than 93.9% and 97.1%, respectively, at an OLR of 1.1 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and at the HRT of 18-20 hours in the FBR and 4-5 hours in the AR. The color removal mechanism in each reactor was not only a sort of biosorption on the floc materials, but even more an effect of biodegradation, especially in the facultative process. Recommendation and Outlook. In applying the F-A system to treat a dye wastewater, the control of facultative processes and the set up of appropriate operation conditions appear to be critical factors. Also, it is suggested a moderate COD loading rate and about a 24-hour HRT will favor the F-A system.     

温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志，它直接影响堆肥反应速率，是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器，在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度，计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明，当反应条件为生活垃圾：成熟堆肥=80：20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N比为25，堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时，能加速高温菌繁殖，从而加快垃圾分解速度，大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

长江黄河变『死河』?

据报道,中国江河沿岸和沿海地区分布着2.1万家化工厂,反映出这个国家火热的经济.但这些江河自身也体现出环境为20年来肆无忌惮的发展所付出的代价.