重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制分析及对策研究

通过对重庆市2008年-2012年连续5年大宗一般工业固体废物的产生、利用和处置现状进行统计分析,指出了重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制中存在的问题.针对重庆市大宗一般工业固体废物产生特征、综合利用现状以及环境管理需求,从推动企业清洁生产审核、开展工业共生项目、综合整治现存污染源、强化环境管理等方面,提出大宗一般工业固体废物污染控制对策和建议,为重庆市工业固体废物的全过程环境管理提供参考.     

典型钢铁行业汞排放特征及质量平衡

以重庆市某钢铁企业各工艺单元的进出物料为研究对象,分析样品总汞及各物料中汞的输入输出量,初步探讨钢铁生产各工序汞的排放特性及其质量平衡.结果发现,各工艺输入物料汞含量为2.93~159.11μg·kg~(-1),其中,高炉所用块矿汞含量最高,其次为烧结以及高炉用煤.输出物料中汞含量为3.09~18.13μg·kg~(-1),除尘灰汞含量最高,其次为转炉渣.该钢铁企业自备焦化厂汞输入量和输出量分别为1 346.74 g·d~(-1)±36.95 g·d~(-1)和177.42 g·d~(-1)±13.73 g·d~(-1),焦化工序中的汞主要来源于焦煤的燃烧.钢铁生产过程中烧结工序汞输入量最高,为1 075.27 g·d~(-1)±60.89 g·d~(~(-1)),占钢铁生产总汞带入量的68.06%,其来源主要是铁矿粉.固体输出物料中,烧结工序输出汞量为14.15 g·d~(-1)±0.38 g·d~(-1),占总固体输出量22.61%.经估算,该钢铁企业2013年汞排放量约为553.83 kg,汞排放因子为0.092 g·t~(-1)钢产量.为控制汞排放,钢铁企业应结合生产实际,进一步降低焦化以及烧结工序能耗水平,或提高原料质量,减少汞的输入.     

西南喀斯特地区降雨集中度及其变化特征分析-以乌江流域中上游为例

本文采用乌江流域中上游地区1951～2008年的逐日降雨资料,分析26个气象站点年雨量、连续3日、5日、7日无雨日次数、最大日降雨统计特征,以及日降雨集中度指数CI,并利用非参数Mann-Kendall检验分析日降雨集中程度以及降雨统计特征变化趋势。结果表明,近58年以来,虽然该地区年雨量变化趋势不明显,但各站日降水量集中度呈现加大的趋势,且77%站点增加趋势显著。研究也表明,连续3日、5日、7日无雨日次数以及最大日降雨量也呈现增加趋势,日降水量集中度与最大日雨量相关程度高,说明该地区暴雨和干旱发生频率增加趋势明显。     

铜绿假单胞菌ZGKD2的重金属耐性机制研究

从煤矸石中分离的耐Cd2+铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)ZGKD2具有多种重金属耐性,研究其铁载体产生特征和重金属耐性机制对于开发土壤重金属污染修复技术具有重要意义.在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中分别添加200～3 000μmol.L-1的Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Pb2+或Mn2+等重金属,ZGKD2菌株的最大生长量随着重金属浓度的增加而降低,不同浓度重金属对ZGKD2菌株产碱能力无明显影响.ZGKD2菌株生长进入稳定期时,用0、200、600、1 000μmol.L-1的Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+或0、1 000、2 000、3 000μmol.L-1的Pb2+、Mn2+处理2 h,SOD和CAT活性随重金属浓度增加而增加.ZGKD2菌株在MSA培养基中能产生铁载体,200～1 000μmol.L-1的重金属Cd2+或Zn2+可显著诱导铁载体的产生,Ni2+和Mn2+的作用较小,Cu2+则抑制;ZGKD2菌株的产铁载体能力与重金属耐性能力相关.这些结果表明ZGKD2菌株的产碱、产铁载体特性以及抗氧化酶活性提高可能是其耐重金属的主要机制.     

硝酸铁-过硫酸盐改性 GAC催化 H2 O2氧化橙黄Ⅳ

通过浸渍法在活性炭上负载硝酸铁、过硫酸盐对活性炭进行改性,以此为催化剂催化过氧化氢氧化去除有机废水橙黄Ⅳ.研究了体系pH值、催化剂投加量、反应温度、橙黄Ⅳ以及H2O2初始浓度等因素对橙黄Ⅳ去除率的影响,并对该催化剂重复使用性能进行测试.结果表明,硫的掺杂可以显著地提高硝酸铁改性活性炭的催化活性.目标物的初始浓度越低,反应速率越快,该反应遵循二级反应动力学,反应的活化能Ea为68.19 kJ.mol-1.在pH值2.4～9.1的范围内,催化剂均能有效地对橙黄Ⅳ进行催化降解.随着催化剂投量的增加,橙黄Ⅳ的去除效率明显提高,催化剂重复使用6次仍具有较好的催化活性,去除率仍可达到70%以上.自由基实验表明该氧化体系主要遵循自由基作用机制.     

PM2.5浓度空间分异模拟模型对比:以京津冀地区为例

在我国快速的城市化进程中,快速的经济发展和日益增加的能源消耗带来的大气污染不断增加,特别是细颗粒物污染如PM2.5污染越来越严重,PM2.5污染相关研究成为一个热点议题.高浓度的PM2.5是形成我国京津冀、珠三角和长三角地区大气灰霾的主要原因,大气污染已成为制约京津冀地区乃至全国可持续发展的关键问题,长期暴露在PM2.5大气污染中,会对人类健康造成诸多不良影响.土地利用回归模型可以实现大气污染物浓度的时空模拟,明晰PM2.5浓度的空间分布特征对于大气污染的防治和流行病学的研究具有重要意义.本研究利用2014年1月1日至2014年12月31日京津冀地区104个监测站点的大气污染物浓度数据,结合VIIRS(visible infrared imaging radiometer)AOD(aerosol optical depth)、土地覆被、气象因子、道路分布、人口密度、污染源分布等信息,分别利用最小二乘和地理加权回归构建土地利用回归模型,对PM2.5浓度时空分布情况进行模拟,其中包括含VIIRS AOD数据的最小二乘土地利用模型和地理加权土地利用模型,以及不包含VIIRS AOD数据的最小二乘土地利用模型和地理加权土地利用模型,这4个模型的修正R2值分别为82.13%、84.87%、80.45%和81.99%.研究表明,相比最小二乘回归,使用地理加权回归的方法能一定程度上提升土地利用回归模型的结果.     

Decolorization of Methyl Orange by a new clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: Synergetic effect, efficiency optimization and mechanism

In this study, a novel nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite material was successfully synthesized using a low-cost natural clay, “Hangjin 2^# clay” (HJ clay) as the support and tested for the decolorization of the azo dye Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solution by nZVI particles. According to the characterization and MO decolorization experiments, the sample with 5:1 HJ clay-supported nZVI (HJ/nZVI) mass ratio (HJ-nZVI5) showed the best dispersion and reactivity and the highest MO decolorization efficiency. With the same equivalent Fe⁰ dosage, the HJ-nZVI1 and HJ-nZVI5 samples demonstrated a synergetic effect for the decolorization of MO: their decolorization efficiencies were much higher than that achieved by physical mixing of HJ clay and nZVIs, or the sum of HJ clay and nZVIs alone. The synergetic effect was primarily due to the improved dispersion and more effective utilization of the nZVI particles on/in the composite materials. Higher decolorization efficiency of MO was obtained at larger HJ-nZVI dosage, higher temperature and under N₂ atmosphere, while the MO initial concentration and pH were negatively correlated to the efficiency. HJ clay not only works as a carrier for nZVI nanoparticles, but also contributes to the decolorization through an “adsorption-enhanced reduction” mechanism. The high efficiency of HJ-nZVI for decontamination gives it great potential for use in a variety of remediation applications.     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

Pollution characteristics, sources and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a new urban district of Nanjing, China

This paper focused on the pollution characteristics,sources and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in a new urban district of Nanjing,China.Gaseous and aerosol PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than2.5 urn) samples were collected in spring of 2015.Sixteen PAHs were extracted and analyzed after sampling.Firstly,arithmetic mean concentrations of PAHs and BaP_(eq)(benzo[a]pyrene equivalent) were calculated.The mean concentrations of PAHs were 29.26±14.13,18.14±5.37 and 48.47±16.03 ng/m~3 in gas phase,particle phase and both phases,respectively.The mean concentrations of BaP_(eq) were 0.87±0.51,2.71±2.17 and 4.06±2.31 ng/m~3 in gas phase,particle phase and both phases,respectively.Secondly,diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis were adopted to identify the sources of PAHs and the outcomes were the same:traffic exhaust was the predominant source followed by fuel combustion and industrial process.Finally,incremental lung cancer risk(ILCR) induced by whole year inhalation exposure to PAHs for population groups of different age and gender were estimated based on a Monte Carlo simulation.ILCR values caused by particle phase PAHs were greater than those caused by gas phase PAHs.ILCR values for adults were greater than those for other age groups.ILCR values caused by total(gas + particle) PAHs for diverse groups were all greater than the significant level(10~6),indicating high potential lung cancer risk.Sensitivity analysis results showed that cancer slope factor for BaP inhalation exposure and BaP_(eq) concentration had greater impact than body weight and inhalation rate on the ILCR.     

腐殖酸强化六氯苯还原脱氯的作用规律

为探索厌氧条件下腐殖酸(HA)对六氯苯(HCB)降解的影响,构建厌氧发酵体系,设置ρ(HA)分别为0 mg/L(HA₀)、40 mg/L(HA₄₀)、120 mg/L(HA₁₂₀)、160 mg/L(HA₁₆₀)及200 mg/L(HA₂₀₀)的5个处理,并利用总有机碳分析仪(TOC)和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)对体系中ρ(HA)及ρ(HCB)的动态变化进行测定.结果表明,发酵系统运行96 h后,HA₀、HA₄₀、HA₁₂₀、HA₁₆₀、HA₂₀₀处理中HCB降解率分别为10.4%、15.9%、20.7%、23.4%和22.1%,说明厌氧发酵系统中,HA可以促进HCB的降解,但是随着ρ(HA)的增加,消耗单位HA对HCB脱氯的强化效果逐渐降低.分析ρ(HA)变化规律发现,添加HA的四组发酵系统运行96 h后HA降解率分别为29.05%、17.27%、10.98%和8.68%,说明在HCB发生还原脱氯的过程中,HA自身也会发生降解,并且随着ρ(HA)的增加,体系中HA相对消耗量逐渐减少.利用Origin 8.0软件对体系中ρ(HA)与ρ(HCB)变化进行非线性拟合,二者具有正相关性,并且整个发酵过程中,0~24 h内HA对HCB降解效率影响作用明显大于24~96 h.研究显示,在厌氧条件下,HA能快速有效促进HCB的还原脱氯.