Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Shenzhen utilizing photochemical age-based parameterization method

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) are key intermediates in the atmospheric photooxidation process. To further study the primary and secondary sources of OVOCs,their ambient levels were monitored using a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer(PTR-MS) at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta of China. Continuous monitoring campaigns were conducted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter of 2016. Among the six types of OVOC species, the mean concentrations of methanol were the highest in each season(up to 13–20 ppbv), followed by those of acetone, acetaldehyde and acetic acid(approximately 2–4 ppbv), while those of formic acid and methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) were the lowest(approximately 1–2 ppbv). As observed from a diurnal variation chart, the OVOCs observed in Shenzhen may have been affected by numerous factors such as their primary and secondary sources and photochemical consumption. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to apportion the sources of ambient OVOCs. Methanol had significant anthropogenic primary sources but negligible anthropogenic secondary sources during all of the seasons. Acetone, MEK and acetic acid were mostly attributed to anthropogenic primary sources during each season with smaller contributions from anthropogenic secondary sources. Acetaldehyde had similar contributions from both anthropogenic secondary and anthropogenic primary sources throughout the year.Meanwhile, anthropogenic primary sources contributed the most to formic acid.     

UASB反应器对晚期渗滤液的碳氮协同削减效应

为了强化UASB反应器对厌氧+好氧反应器末端出水的生物处理过程,采用厌氧+好氧反应器+UASB反应器工艺,通过生物处理方法实现了难降解有机物与氮的协同削减.结果表明:①通过控制UASB反应器中ρ（NO_x--N）,优化微环境中最佳ORP范围,当ORP为（-300±10）mV时,ρ（COD_Cr）（此时主要以胡敏酸和富里酸等难降解的腐殖性有机物为主）由313.00 mg/L降至106.00 mg/L,ρ（TN）由139.60 mg/L降至60.30 mg/L,去除率分别达66.13%、56.81%.②傅里叶红外光谱分析结果显示,出水中含羧基、羟基、醌基、酰胺、苯环取代基等相关官能团的有机物减少,含脂肪族官能团的有机物增多.③16S rRNA结果显示,厌氧+好氧反应器+UASB反应器中的优势菌属分别为VadinHA17、Clostridium（梭菌属）、Anaerolineaceae（厌氧绳菌属）、Denitratisoma,其丰度占比分别为3.29%、35.17%、8.60%、2.84%.VadinHA17通过降解UASB反应器中的多种复杂有机物,为反硝化过程提供碳源;Clostridium利用UASB反应器中丰富的硝酸盐激活Clostridium胞外氧化酶,强化Clostridium对难降解复杂有机物的降解能力,将自身的胞内电子通过细胞膜上的细胞色素传递到胞外电子受体上,使NO_x--N得到电子还原为氨,降低氮含量;Anaerolineaceae与Denitratisoma则分别作用于UASB反应器的厌氧消化过程及生物脱氮过程.研究显示,UASB反应器中由于VadinHA17、Clostridium、Anaerolineaceae与Denitratisoma的作用,COD_Cr和TN去除率分别为66.13%、56.81%,实现了晚期渗滤液中难降解有机物与TN的协同削减.      

基于DGAOs富集的内碳源短程硝化反硝化工艺特性

采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）,以厌氧-好氧-缺氧的运行方式,研究了低C/N比下内碳源驱动的短程硝化反硝化工艺运行性能.结果表明,反应器内可同时富集反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）和氨氧化细菌（AOB）.DGAOs可以利用聚-β-羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）为内碳源进行反硝化,且利用的PHA中PHB （聚-β-羟基丁酸酯）占主要部分.稳定运行后,第39d厌氧末期污泥胞内存储物质在荧光显微镜下清晰可见,内碳源存储的PHA在缺氧阶段净消耗量为2.34mmol C/L,较文献报道值高29%.经过55d的驯化后,SBR系统达到了较为稳定的脱氮效果,平均氨氮去除率为（93.13%±4.91%）,内碳源反硝化效率为（49.62%±8.97%）.驯化后的污泥淘汰了反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）,富集了DGAOs和AOB,其丰度从接种时的0.13%和0.20%分别上升到7.13%和1.11%,实现了低C/N下内碳源驱动短程硝化反硝化.     

湖北恩施地区土壤重金属高光谱反演模型研究

文章以恩施地区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn为研究对象,利用ASD地物光谱仪采集土壤光谱数据,在光谱预处理和相关分析的基础上,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法,构建土壤重金属含量与光谱的反演预测模型.结果 表明,平滑处理、一阶导数、去趋势、归一化处理散射校正(SNV)4种光谱处理方法组合使用可以有效地提高模型反演精度;通过对PLSR模型RMSEC、RMSECV、RMSEP、R2Cal 、R2CV 、R2Pred、6种参数分析发现,As、Pb、Cu相比Cd、Cr、Zn在PLSR模型中的测误差值较小且模型的相关性较高,说明模型可以预测As、Pb、Cu 3种元素,该研究为后期采用高光谱遥感影像数据快速监测恩施地区土壤重金属污染情况提供了技术参考.     

Removing and recycling mercury from scrubbing solution produced in wet nonferrous metal smelting flue gas purification process

Wet purification technology for nonferrous metal smelting flue gas is important for mercury removal; however, this technology produces a large amounts of spent scrubbing solution that contain mercury. The mercury in these scrubbing solutions pose a great threat to the environment. Therefore, this research provides a novel strategy for removing and recycling mercury from the scrubbing solution, which is significant for decreasing mercury pollution while also allowing for the safe disposal of wastewater and a stable supply of mercury resources. Some critical parameters for the electrochemical reduction of mercury were studied in detail. Additionally, the electrodeposition dynamics and electroreduction mechanism for mercury were evaluated. Results suggested that over 92.4% of mercury could be removed from the scrubbing solution in the form of a Hg-Cu alloy under optimal conditions within 150 min and with a current efficiency of approximately 75%. Additionally, mercury electrodeposition was a quasi-reversible process, and the controlled step was the mass transport of the reactant. A pre-conversion step from Hg(Tu)₄²⁺ to Hg(Tu)₃²⁺ before mercury electroreduction was necessary. Then, the formed Hg(Tu)₃²⁺ on the cathode surface gained electrons step by step. After electrodeposition, the mercury in the spent cathode could be recycled by thermal desorption. The results of the electrochemical reduction of mercury and subsequent recycling provides a practical and easy-to-adopt alternative for recycling mercury resources and decreasing mercury contamination.     

Inconsistent seasonal variation of antibiotics between surface water and groundwater in the Jianghan Plain: Risks and linkage to land uses

Antibiotics are widely used in humans and animals, but their transformation from surface water to groundwater and the impact of land uses on them remain unclear. In this study, 14 antibiotics were systematically surveyed in a complex agricultural area in Central China. Results indicated that the selected antibiotic concentrations in surface waters were higher in winter (average: 32.7 ng/L) than in summer (average: 17.9 ng/L), while the seasonal variation in groundwaters showed an opposite trend (2.2 ng/L in dry winter vs. 8.0 ng/L in summer). Macrolides were the predominant antibiotics in this area, with a detected frequency of over 90%. A significant correlation between surface water and groundwater antibiotics was only observed in winter (R² = 0.58). This study further confirmed the impact of land uses on these contaminants, with optimal buffer radii of 2500 m in winter and 500 m in summer. Risk assessment indicated that clarithromycin posed high risks in this area. Overall, this study identified the spatiotemporal variability of antibiotics in a typical agricultural area in Central China and revealed the impact of land uses on antibiotic pollution in aquatic environments.     

某焦化场地非均质包气带中多环芳烃(PAHs)来源及垂向分布特征

利用某废弃焦化场地内6眼深层采样孔,样品最大采集深度9. 5～42 m不等,分析包气带剖面上16种PAHs分布特征、污染来源以及影响迁移的因素.结果表明,各钻孔ΣPAHs最大含量介于134. 79～11 266. 81 mg·kg~(-1)之间,主要分布层位为地表以下1～5 m,含量以低环(2+3环)为主,单体以萘含量最高.场地污染主要来自于煤的燃烧源.焦油、沥青及其深加工产物的污染对场地ΣPAHs含量起控制作用.包气带砂卵砾石层作为污染物良好的下渗通道,砂层透镜体通过吸附及截留作用成为PAHs的主要富集层.化产区排放或泄漏的各类油液通过混溶、竞争性吸附等作用增强了PAHs垂向迁移能力,并致使深部包气带受到污染.地表0～1 m土壤受人为扰动、降雨淋滤、降解作用,30 m以下岩层受到地下水溶滤作用,导致低环/高环比例随深度增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势.污染来源、包气带理化指标及水文地质条件等共同作用控制PAHs垂向分布及迁移.     

上海交通沿线农田土壤中PAHs分布特征及源解析

为探讨交通干线对周围农田土壤环境中16种优先多环芳烃（PAHs）累积的影响,采集了上海市交通干线旁与道路垂向分布的70个农田土壤表层样品及2个土壤柱样品,系统分析了土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量、组成及来源.结果表明上海交通干线旁农田表层土壤PAHs含量范围为23.16~21250.25ng/g,平均值为928.16ng/g,且随着与防护林距离的增加呈现出先下降后增加而后又下降的趋势,农田土壤柱中PAHs含量则表现出随着距土壤深度的增加而上升的趋势.基于正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型及特征因子比值法的来源辨析结果,表明表层土壤和土壤柱中的PAHs均主要来源于煤、生物质的燃烧及交通排放.     

不同碳源对Delftia tsuruhatensis HT01脱氮性能的影响

以一株异养氨氧化菌Delftia tsuruhatensis HT01为研究对象,比较了以十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、甘蔗糖蜜、丁二酸钠、乙酸钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖或柠檬酸钠等为唯一碳源时的生长情况及对TOC、NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除率,并通过两轮中试测试了该菌对皮革污水的处理效果.结果表明：HT01在异养条件下能够生成NO₂^--N,并可以在利用SDS （去除率为34%）的同时去除NH₄⁺-N和TN （去除率分别为74%和14%）;丁二酸钠和乙酸钠分别有利于实现最快的生长速度和最高的TOC去除率（71%）,而果糖则有利于实现最高的NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率（分别为98%和29%）.HT01能够在皮革污水中生长,第2轮中试对COD,NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率分别达到38%,49%和22%.     

博斯腾湖流域大气多环芳烃污染特征、干沉降通量及来源

本研究使用大气被动采样器(PAS-PUF)和干沉降被动采样器(PAS-DD),分别于2016年采暖期和2017年非采暖期对新疆博斯腾湖流域及周边地区15种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)大气浓度和干沉降进行了观测,并对其污染特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明,采暖期和非采暖期博斯腾湖流域PAHs大气浓度范围分别为6. 38～245. 43 ng·m~(-3)和2. 33～74. 76ng·m~(-3);采暖期与非采暖期均呈现出居民区湖泊周边塔中的空间分布.采暖期和非采暖期PAHs大气干沉降通量范围分别为0. 45～18. 10μg·(m~2·d)-1和0. 25～8. 15μg·(m~2·d)-1;采暖期居民区PAHs干沉降通量比湖泊周边和塔中采样点高,但在非采暖期塔中采样点高于其它采样点.整体而言,博斯腾湖流域大气及干沉降中PAHs在采暖期显著高于非采暖期,在采暖期与非采暖期均以菲(Phe)、芴(Flu)、荧蒽(Flua)和芘(Pyr)等3～4环PAHs为主.比值法源解析结果显示,博斯腾湖流域大气和干沉降中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和生物质燃烧; HYSPLIT前向和后向轨迹模拟结果表明,非采暖期居民区较高PAHs排放通过大气传输到达博斯腾湖区,经大气干沉降进入水体,可能会对博斯腾湖水生环境造成影响.