The call for an increased role of replication,extension, and mixed‐methods study designs in organizational research

Examples from previously published work by the lead author on the role of employee health indicators on individual and organizational outcomes provide an intriguing backdrop through the use of illustration for suggesting some of the many benefits obtained by the incorporation of replication, extension, and mixed‐methods study designs in organizational research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detecting Insect Pollinator Declines on Regional and Global Scales

Recently there has been considerable concern about declines in bee communities in agricultural and natural habitats. The value of pollination to agriculture, provided primarily by bees, is >$200 billion/year worldwide, and in natural ecosystems it is thought to be even greater. However, no monitoring program exists to accurately detect declines in abundance of insect pollinators; thus, it is difficult to quantify the status of bee communities or estimate the extent of declines. We used data from 11 multiyear studies of bee communities to devise a program to monitor pollinators at regional, national, or international scales. In these studies, 7 different methods for sampling bees were used and bees were sampled on 3 different continents. We estimated that a monitoring program with 200–250 sampling locations each sampled twice over 5 years would provide sufficient power to detect small (2–5%) annual declines in the number of species and in total abundance and would cost U.S.$2,000,000. To detect declines as small as 1% annually over the same period would require >300 sampling locations. Given the role of pollinators in food security and ecosystem function, we recommend establishment of integrated regional and international monitoring programs to detect changes in pollinator communities. Detección de Declinaciones de Insectos Polinizadores a Escalas Regional y Global     

Concepts of Electric Arc Furnace Fume Control

The capture of fumes from electric arc furnaces is described and the differences between foundry melting practices and steel industry practices are explained.     

The effects of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins,okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1, on the growth of microalgae

The diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) are potent phosphatase inhibitors produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates. OA can cause hyperphosphorylation of a broad range of animal and higherpalnt proteins, but little is known regarding the effects of the DSP toxins on marine organisms or their biological function. A variety of microalgae, including a clone ofProrocentrum lima known to produce both OA and DTX-1, were incubated with solutions of OA and in one case DTX-1 or a combination of OA and DTX-1. OA inhibited the growth of all non-DSP-producing test species at micromolar concentrations, butP. lima was not affected even at much higher levels. This differential activity of OA suggests that the DSP toxins may play an allelopathic role and raises questions regarding the strategies adopted by DSP-producing dinoflagellates such asP. lima to avoid autotoxicity. The effects of DTX-1 on microalgal growth were found to be equivalentt to those of OA, and the effects of both toxins in combination were simply additive.     

Effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, singly and in mixture, on the macroscopic growth of three birch clones

An investigation of some aspects of the effects of low concentrations of the gases, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, singly and in mixture, was made on the growth of three birch clones, two of Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch) and one of Betula pubescens Ehr. (downy birch). Comparative measurements of the growth form and dry mass increment were made over one year in glasshouses supplied with charcoal-filtered ambient air, and SO(2) and NO(2), singly or in mixture, at mean concentrations of 62 ppb (nl litre (-1)) of one or both gases. The main effects were found in those plants that were fumigated with SO(2) singly, and SO(2) and NO(2) together. Both treatments induced premature leaf loss and reduction in mass, especially of roots, the effects increasing over time. The heights and initial leaf areas were maintained, apparently at the expense of other parameters. NO(2), if present singly, had little or no effect, but it tended to enhance the damaging effect of SO(2) when the two were applied together. The different clones showed different degrees of response to the pollutants, but these differences became less marked during the second season of fumigation. The effects found are discussed in relation to the annual growth of trees, particularly birch.     

The importance of life stage to population connectivity in whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the northern European shelf

Juvenile movements are rarely considered in studies of connectivity. This study investigates movements in juvenile and adult life stages of an ecologically important temperate piscivore, the whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Adult movement was assessed from tag-recapture data collected between 1958 and 1980 around the coast of Scotland. Displacement distances ranged from 53 to 123 km. Adults rarely dispersed offshore in the North Sea, and exchange with the west of Scotland was negligible. Connectivity between nursery and spawning grounds was investigated using otolith microchemistry. Five juvenile nursery areas were discriminated with an accuracy of 75–85%. Comparing isotopic signatures of adults and juveniles indicated that several nursery areas contributed to each spawning aggregation. The lack of evidence for return migrations suggested an opportunistic and non-philopatric recruitment strategy within a single population unit. Differences in the proportion contribution of juveniles to adult aggregations also indicated that the “value” of nursery areas differed and the Scottish west coast could be viewed as a net source of recruits to the North Sea. Given the extent of juvenile dispersal, this study highlights the fact that all stages of the life cycle should be considered in studies of connectivity.     

Method for determination of turgor pressure in macroalgae,with particular reference to the Phaeophyta

A procedure is described for the determination of the internal osmotic pressure and turgor pressure of marine macroalgae, for use in the laboratory and on the shore. A volume-related parameter (either thallus fresh weight, or area) is measured before and after transfer of plant material to a range of hyperosmotic solutions. Plotting the final fresh weight/area as a percentage of the initial value gives a biphasic curve, with an initial component of negative slope due to the change in thallus volume in less extreme hyperosmotic solutions, where the non-rigid thallus contracts in response to decreasing cell turgor pressure. The second component has a shallower slope and represents plasmolysis in more extreme hyperosmotic solutions, i.e., where turgor pressure is reduced to zero and the protoplast shrinks away from the cell wall; the extraprotoplast space created by plasmolysis will be filled with the external solution and thus no further changes in weight occur. These two components intersect at the lowest osmotic pressure at which cell turgor is zero. By correcting for any effects of the cell wall on thallus volume, the relationship can be used to calculate internal osmotic pressure and hence turgor pressure, assuming that the remaining change in thallus volume of the initial component is due entirely to variation in the intraprotoplast volume (approximately equivalent to the intraprotoplast water content, determined by subtraction of the extraprotoplast water and dry weight from the thallus fresh weight). Using this procedure, the turgor pressures of Fucus spiralis L., Ectocarpus siliculosus, (Dillw.) Lyngb. and Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. (from Fife Ness, Scotland, May–August 1987) in a seawater-based medium were 0.82, 0.58 and 1.34 Osmol kg^–1, respectively. The turgor pressure of F. spiralis on the shore at Fife Ness (June 1987) was 0.74 Osmol kg^–1.     

Terrestrial ecosystem recovery--modelling the effects of reduced acidic inputs and increased inputs of sea-salts induced by global change

The reduced emissions of acidifying sulfur and nitrogen in Europe since the late 1970s will be further reduced when the Gothenburg protocol is fully implemented by 2010. Here we address the consequences for the recovery of acidified terrestrial ecosystems using the acidification model MAGIC applied to 3 large-scale "clean rain" experiments, the so-called roof experiments at Risdalsheia, Norway; G?rdsj?n, Sweden, and Klosterhede, Denmark. Implementation of the Gothenburg protocol will initiate recovery of the soils at all 3 sites by rebuilding base saturation. The rate of recovery is small and base saturation increases less than 5% over the next 30 years. A climate-induced increase in storm severity will increase the sea-salt input to the ecosystems. This will provide additional base cations to the soils and more than double the rate of the recovery, but also lead to strong acid pulses following high sea-salt inputs as the deposited base cations exchange with the acidity stored in the soil. Future recovery of soils and runoff at acidified catchments will thus depend on the amount and rate of reduction of acid deposition, and in the case of systems near the coast, the frequency and intensity of sea-salt episodes as well.     

Distribution of chlorpyrifos in air and on surfaces following crack and crevice application to rooms

Measureable levels of chlorpyrifos were seen in air and on horizontal and vertical surfaces over an 84-day sampling period following application by two different methods. Pressurized aerosol applications had the highest airborne levels over the 84-day sampling period, and movement into adjacent, nontreated rooms was seen 7 days after application. Highest surface residues found were located at floor/wall interfaces and were due probably as a result of splash or overspray around treated areas. Residue levels from desk sides were very low and all surface residues were highly variable. One could not predict what surface levels would be based upon airborne concentrations.