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971.
The South American dry Chaco is a mosaic of woody vegetation and grasslands with high deforestation rates in recent decades. Considering forests and grasslands as the main natural habitats, we assessed the trade-offs between bird populations and agricultural production to compare the potential consequences of different land use strategies (‘sharing’, ‘sparing’, and intermediate) for populations of bird species sensitive to agriculture, while attaining a regional production target. We evaluated how populations responded to scenarios with different proportions of forest and grasslands, considering three reference states (100% forest, 80:20% and 50:50% forest and grasslands, respectively); and scenarios capable of meeting three after-farming scenarios, with land destined to reach a regional production target with three variations of forest:grasslands within spared land. We fitted curves to relate bird abundance to agricultural yield along a gradient of meat production intensity; and we classified bird species as ‘losers’ (if their populations were lower than the baseline population in the reference state, at any level of production) and ‘winners’ (if their current populations were higher than the baseline population). At the ‘current’ (c. 2010) level of regional agricultural production, we found a similar number of loser species maximized by land-sparing and land-sharing strategies; while intermediate strategies were the least favourable to balance production and bird populations. Under the most probable scenarios of increases in regional meat production, most loser bird species populations were maximized by a land-sparing strategy, suggesting that if meat production targets are going to increase in the region, this can be more efficiently achieved by combining well-protected forests and grasslands, and high-yielding mechanized agriculture (e.g. soybean). Our results highlight the importance of assessing all the important natural habitats (e.g. forests and grasslands) of a region to explore conservation strategies at a regional scale. 相似文献
972.
Ben J. Rushbrook Megan L. Head Ioanna Katsiadaki Iain Barber 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(12):1927-1935
Animals usually build nests to provide protection, for themselves or their offspring, from adverse environmental conditions.
However, different nest structures may be better at providing protection in different environments. The ability to adjust
building behaviour and design of nests in response to variation in environmental conditions is therefore likely to be important
in determining individual fitness. Here, we look at how the nests of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) males differ between still and flowing water conditions. Within flowing water treatments, we find that males select nesting
sites with lower than average flow. We also find that nests built in flowing water are smaller and more streamlined than those
built in still water. Nests built in flowing water contain more spiggin—an endogenous glycoprotein secreted by nesting males—per
gramme of nest material than still water nests, though the absolute spiggin content of nests did not vary with flow regime.
These results suggest that male sticklebacks may adjust nest-site selection and nest structure to suit environmental conditions
in which they are building. Because flow regime is a factor that is often altered by anthropogenic activities, such as impoundment,
channelization and abstraction, this study may also have implications for the conservation of freshwater fish populations. 相似文献
973.
Engines in boats and ships using total loss lubrication deposit a significant proportion of their lubricant and fuel directly
into the water. Their impact on the Australian coastline and marine ecosystems is of great concern. The purpose of this study
was to document the velocity and concentration field characteristics of a submerged swirling water jet emanating from a propeller
in order to provide information on its fundamental characteristics. The properties of the jet were examined far enough downstream
to be relevant to the eventual modelling of the mixing problem. Measurements of the velocity and concentration field were
performed in a turbulent jet generated by a model boat propeller (0.02 m diameter) within a 0.4 m-wide and 0.15 m-deep flume,
operating at 1,500 and 3,000 rpm in a weak co-flow of 0.04 m/s. The measurements were carried out in the Zone of Established
Flow up to 50 propeller diameters downstream of the propeller. Results pertaining to radial distribution, self-similarity,
standard deviation growth, maximum value decay and integral fluxes of velocity and concentration fitted with empirical correlations.
Furthermore, propeller-induced mixing and pollutant source concentration from a two-stroke engine were estimated. 相似文献
974.
2006年的粮食既已颗粒归仓,现在是盘库和规划未来的时候了。2006年,全球共收获了19亿6700万吨粮食,比估计的消费量20亿4000万吨约少7300万吨。短缺几近4%,创下历史记录。更清醒地看,近7年中的6年里,世界粮食生产一直不敷使用。结果,世界库存的谷物降到只够消费57天,是34年来的最低水平。而上次达到这么低的水平时,小麦和稻谷的价格翻了一番。 相似文献
975.
Vincent Brown Guy Jacquier Denis Coulombier Serge Balandine François Belanger & Dominique Legros 《Disasters》2001,25(2):164-171
In the initial phase of a complex emergency, an immediate population size assessment method, based on area sampling, is vital to provide relief workers with a rapid population estimate in refugee camps. In the past decade, the method has been progressively improved; six examples are presented in this paper and questions raised about its statistical validity as well as important issues for further research. There are two stages. The first is to map the camp by registering all of its co-ordinates. In the second stage, the total camp population is estimated by counting the population living in a limited number of square blocks of known surface area, and by extrapolating average population calculated per block to the total camp surface. In six camps selected in Asia and Africa, between 1992 and 1994, population figures were estimated within one to two days. After measuring all external limits, surfaces were calculated and ranged between 121,300 and 2,770,000 square metres. In five camps, the mean average population per square was obtained using blocks 25 by 25 meters (625 m2), and for another camp with blocks 100 by 100 m2. In three camps, different population density zones were defined. Total camp populations obtained were 16,800 to 113,600. Although this method is a valuable public health tool in emergency situations, it has several limitations. Issues related to population density and number and size of blocks to be selected require further research for the method to be better validated. 相似文献
976.
Lobna Daoud Houda Hmani Manel Ben Ali Mouna Jlidi Mamdouh Ben Ali 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(1):23-32
Over a hundred of halophilic/halotolerant microorganisms were screened for alkaline protease production. The bacterium showing the highest enzyme production was characterized and identified as Bacillus halodurans US193 on the basis of 16S rRNA gene analysis. It was alkalophilic, thermophilic and halotolerant since it grew optimally at pH 9.7 and 50?°C with tolerance of up to 125 g NaCl l?1. The alkaline protease was purified 4.9 times with about 40186.1 U/mg as specific activity. It exhibited optimal activity at pH 10, 70?°C and 0.25 M NaCl with perfect stability at wide ranges of pH (6–12), temperatures (30–60?°C) and NaCl concentrations (0–2 M). The serine alkaline protease maintained high stability in the presence of Cu2+, Mg2+, Ba2+ and Ca2+ ions, various organic solvents [50% (v/v)] and ionic and non ionic detergent additives. In addition, it was more compatible with various commercialized detergents than other reported detergent proteases, and was very efficient in blood stain removal. These findings let B. halodurans US193 alkaline protease be an ideal candidate for many industrial processes at harsh conditions, especially as a bio-additive in detergent industry. 相似文献
977.
Ji-Eun Jung Simona Liguori Adam D. Jew Gordon E. Brown Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2018,68(1):39-53
One of the biggest environmental concerns caused by coal-fired power plants is the emission of mercury (Hg), which is toxic metal. To control the emission of Hg from coal-derived flue gas, it is important to understand the behavior and speciation of Hg as well as the interaction between Hg and solid materials in the flue gas stream. In this study, atomic-scale theoretical investigations using density functional theory (DFT) were carried out in conjunction with laboratory-scale experimental studies to investigate the adsorption behavior of Hg on hematite (α-Fe2O3). According to the DFT simulation, the adsorption energy calculation proposes that Hg physisorbs to the α-Fe2O3(0001) surface with an adsorption energy of ?0.278 eV, and the subsequent Bader charge analysis confirms that Hg is slightly oxidized. In addition, Cl introduced to the Hg-adsorbed surface strengthens the Hg stability on the α-Fe2O3(0001) surface, as evidenced by a shortened Hg-surface equilibrium distance. The projected density of states (PDOS) analysis also suggests that Cl enhances the chemical bonding between the surface and the adsorbate, thereby increasing the adsorption strength. In summary, α-Fe2O3 has the ability to adsorb and oxidize Hg, and this reactivity is enhanced in the presence of Cl. For the laboratory-scale experiments, three types of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using the precursors Fe(NO3)3, Fe(ClO4)3, and FeCl3, respectively. The particle shapes varied from diamond to irregular stepped and subrounded, and particle size ranged from 20 to 500 nm depending on the precursor used. The nanoparticles had the highest surface area (84.5 m2/g) due to their highly stepped surface morphology. Packed-bed reactor Hg exposure experiments resulted in this nanoparticles adsorbing more than 300 μg Hg/g. The Hg LIII-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy also indicated that HgCl2 physisorbed onto the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles.Implications: Atomic-scale theoretical simulations proposes that Hg physisorbs to the α-Fe2O3(0001) surface with an adsorption energy of ?0.278 eV, and the subsequent Bader charge analysis confirms that Hg is slightly oxidized. In addition, Cl introduced to the Hg-adsorbed surface strengthens the Hg stability on the α-Fe2O3(0001) surface, as evidenced by a shortened Hg-surface equilibrium distance. The PDOS analysis also suggests that Cl enhances the chemical bonding between the surface and the adsorbate, thereby increasing the adsorption strength. Following laboratory-scale experiment of Hg sorption also shows that HgCl2 physisorbs onto α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles which have highly stepped structure. 相似文献
978.
Amina Islam Sylvie Chevalier Imen Ben Salem Mohamed Sassi 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2018,23(4):459-469
We present numerical simulations of drainage induced by air injection in a vertical water-saturated Hele-Shaw cell filled with glass microbeads. We use the macroscale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP) simulator developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Hydrology Group. To trigger fingering, we use random permeability fields consistent to capillary entry pressure fields. We compare the numerical results to our own experimental results shown in a previous study. We analyze the effects of the microheterogeneity degree as well as the macroscopic parameters on the gas saturation results. The main objective of the work is to investigate how microscopic effects could be accounted for by macroscopic variables during drainage. 相似文献
979.
Ben?Ma Zheng?Zhao Huimin?Ding Yali?WenEmail author 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(4):1665-1686
Households in communities in and around nature reserves are important stakeholders in biodiversity conservation; they are the focus of the conflict between ecological protection and community development. This study surveyed 927 households in 16 giant panda reserves in Sichuan Province, China, to calculate the costs and benefits to households of biodiversity conservation, and the differences for those inside and outside reserves. A multilevel regression model was used to measure the factors influencing the costs and benefits. There are three main findings. First, the direct economic cost for average biodiversity conservation for households inside reserves (1166.83 yuan/year) is significantly higher at the 1% level than for those outside (578.27 yuan/year), while the direct economic benefit for average biodiversity conservation to households living inside reserves (3881.94 yuan/year) is not statistically different than those outside (3653.47 yuan/year). Second, the influence of biodiversity conservation on households is significantly different depending on whether they live inside or outside the reserve, regarding employment opportunities, ties with the outside world, infrastructure, and the community environment. There is also a significant difference between those inside and those outside in perceptions with regard to restrictions in the collection of wild plants and destruction of traditional culture by biodiversity conservation. Third, the factors that affect the costs for and benefits to households of biodiversity conservation include, at the household level, the head of household’s education level, village cadres, number of migrant workers, distance from the town market, reserve-based employment, development projects, and ecotourism management participation, and, at the reserve level, establishment time, level of reserve, protective effect, and location. 相似文献
980.
Vulturius Gregor André Karin Swartling Åsa Gerger Brown Calum Rounsevell Mark D. A. Jönsson Anna Maria Blanco Victor 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(5):1571-1571
Regional Environmental Change - The published online version contains mistake. Anna Maria Jönsson was inadvertently omitted in the author group section. Correct author group section is shown... 相似文献