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431.
Assessments of the efficacy of mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy rice systems have typically been analyzed based on field studies. Extrapolation of the mitigation potential of alternative management practices from field studies to a national scale may be enhanced by spatially explicit process models, like the DeNitrification and DeComposition (DNDC) model. Our objective was to analyze the impacts of mitigation alternatives, management of water, fertilizer, and rice straw, on net GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide fluxes), yields, and water use. After constructing a GIS database of soil, climate, rice cropping area and systems, and management practices, we ran DNDC with 21-yr alternative management schemes for each of the approximately 2500 counties in China. Results indicate that, despite large-scale adoption of midseason drainage, there is still large potential for additional methane reductions from Chinese rice paddies of 20 to 60% over 2000-2020. However, changes in management for reducing CH4 emissions simultaneously affect soil carbon dynamics as well as N2O emissions and can thereby reorder the ranking of technical mitigation effectiveness. The order of net GHG emissions reduction effectiveness found here is upland rice > shallow flooding > ammonium sulfate > midseason drainage > off-season straw > slow-release fertilizer > continuous flooding. Most of the management alternatives produced yields comparable to the baseline; however, continuous flooding and upland rice significantly reduced yields. Water management strategies appear to be the most technically promising GHG mitigation alternatives, with shallow flooding providing additional benefits of both water conservation and increased yields. 相似文献
432.
Paul E. Spector Cary L. Cooper Juan I. Sanchez Michael O'Driscoll Kate Sparks Peggy Bernin Andre Büssing Phil Dewe Peter Hart Luo Lu Karen Miller Lucio Flavio Renault de Moraes Gabrielle M. Ostrognay Milan Pagon Horea Pitariu Steven Poelmans Phani Radhakrishnan Vesselina Russinova Vladimir Salamatov Jesus Salgado Satoru Shima Oi Ling Siu Jean Benjamin Stora Mare Teichmann Tres Theorell Peter Vlerick Mina Westman Maria Widerszal‐Bazyl Paul Wong Shanfa Yu 《组织行为杂志》2001,22(8):815-832
Data were collected from managers in 24 nations/territories on work locus of control (LOC), individualism–collectivism (I–C), and well‐being (job satisfaction, absence of psychological strain, and absence of physical strain). There were significant mean differences across samples on all five of these measures, and consistent with our hypothesis, at the ecological or sample mean level well‐being was associated with an internal locus of control. However, contrary to our hypothesis, well‐being was not associated with I–C, despite a strong correlation between I–C and LOC. Findings at the ecological level were consistent with the literature concerning the salutary effects of control on well‐being. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
433.
William B. Lord James F Booker David M. Getches Benjamin L. Harding Douglas S. Kenney Robert A. Young 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(5):939-944
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a summary of the findings and recommendations of the studies of severe, sustained drought reported in this special issue. The management facilities and institutions were found to be effective in protecting consumptive water users against drought, but much less effective in protecting nonconsumptive uses. Changes in intrastate water management were found to be effective in reducing the monetary value of damages, through reallocating shortages to low-valued uses, while only water banking and water marketing, among the possible interstate rule changes, were similarly effective. Players representing the basin states and the federal government in three gaming experiments were unable to agree upon and effect major changes in operating rules. The conclusions are (1) that nonconsumptive water uses are highly vulnerable to drought, (2) that consumptive uses are well-protected, (3) that drought risk is greatest in the Upper Basin, (4) that the Lower Basin suffers from chronic water shortage but bears little drought risk, (5) that opportunities exist for win-win rule changes, (6) that such rule changes are extremely difficult to make, and (7) that intrastate drought management is very effective m in reducing potential damages. 相似文献
434.
Benjamin F. McPherson Wayne H. Sonntag 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(1):27-34
ABSTRACT: Concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon in the Loxahatchee River estuary decreased with increasing salinity in a manner indicating that mixing and dilution of freshwater by seawater was the primary process controlling the down-stream concentrations of nutrients. Most of the nutrients in the surface freshwater inflows entered the estuary from five major tributaries; however, about 10 percent of the total nitrogen and 32 percent of the total phosphorus were from urban stormwater runoff. The input of nutrients was highly seasonal and storm related. During a 61-day period of above average rainfall that included Tropical Storm Dennis, the major tributaries discharged 2.7 metric tons of total phosphorus, 75 metric tons of total nitrogen, and 1,000 metric tons of organic carbon to the estuary. This period accounted for more than half of the total nutrient load from the major tributaries during the 1981 water year (October 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981). Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen increased relative to total phosphorus and nitrogen during storm runoff. Nutrient yield from the basin, expressed as grams per square meter of basin area, was relatively low. However, because the basin area (544 square kilometers) is large compared with the volume of the estuary, the basin might be expected to contribute significantly to estuarine enrichment were it not for tidal flushing. Approximately 60 percent of the total volume of the estuary is flushed on each tide. Because the estuary is well flushed, it probably has a large tolerance for nutrient loading. 相似文献
435.
Benjamin F. Hobbs 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》1985,5(4):301-319
Amalgamation, in which disparate impacts are combined so that alternatives can be ranked, has become an important part of many impact assessments. Such methods can help make decisions more rational by systematically combining great amounts of information into more digestible forms. They can also facilitate public participation and ease documentation of decisions. The intent of this article is to give an overview of amalgamation methods and to propose four criteria for choosing among them: the purpose to be served, ease of use, validity, and results compared to other methods. Because experiments have repeatedly shown that the method chosen can significantly affect what decision is made, EIA practitioners should place more emphasis on the last two criteria than they have in the past. Finally, recent results in psychology and management science are discussed for practitioners facing the question “how do we choose how to choose?” 相似文献
436.
Mapping and Modeling the Biogeochemical Cycling of Turf Grasses in the United States 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Milesi C Running SW Elvidge CD Dietz JB Tuttle BT Nemani RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(3):426-438
Turf grasses are ubiquitous in the urban landscape of the United States and are often associated with various types of environmental
impacts, especially on water resources, yet there have been limited efforts to quantify their total surface and ecosystem
functioning, such as their total impact on the continental water budget and potential net ecosystem exchange (NEE). In this
study, relating turf grass area to an estimate of fractional impervious surface area, it was calculated that potentially 163,800
km2 (± 35,850 km2) of land are cultivated with turf grasses in the continental United States, an area three times larger than that of any irrigated
crop. Using the Biome-BGC ecosystem process model, the growth of warm-season and cool-season turf grasses was modeled at a
number of sites across the 48 conterminous states under different management scenarios, simulating potential carbon and water
fluxes as if the entire turf surface was to be managed like a well-maintained lawn. The results indicate that well-watered
and fertilized turf grasses act as a carbon sink. The potential NEE that could derive from the total surface potentially under
turf (up to 17 Tg C/yr with the simulated scenarios) would require up to 695 to 900 liters of water per person per day, depending
on the modeled water irrigation practices, suggesting that outdoor water conservation practices such as xeriscaping and irrigation
with recycled waste-water may need to be extended as many municipalities continue to face increasing pressures on freshwater. 相似文献
437.
Thomas C. Brown Benjamin L. Harding William B. Lord 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(4):801-814
ABSTRACT: This study examined the disposition of streamflow increases that could be created by vegetation management on forest land along the upper reaches of the Colorado River. A network optimization model was used to simulate water flow, storage, consumptive use, and loss within the entire Colorado River Basin with and without the flow increases, according to various scenarios incorporating both current and future consumptive use levels as well as existing and potential institutional constraints. Results indicate that very little of the flow increases would be consumptively used at current use levels, or even at future use levels, if water allocation institutions remain unchanged. Given future use levels and economically based water allocation institutions, up to one-half of the flow increases could be consumptively used. The timing of streamflow increases, and the institutional constraints on water allocation, often limit the potential for consumptive use of flow increases. 相似文献
438.
439.
Harsha Meenawat Benjamin K. Sovacool 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(5):515-533
Bhutan, a small least developed country in the Himalayan Mountains, faces five current climate change related vulnerabilities:
landslides and flooding, deteriorating agricultural production, impoverished forests, worsening health security, and impaired
hydroelectricity generation. The country is attempting to adapt to these challenges through two globally sponsored adaptation
efforts. One is the “Reducing Climate Change-induced Risks and Vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Punakha-Wangdue
and Chamkhar Valleys” project, or GLOF, a 7.7 million project being funded by the Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Program, and the government of Bhutan. Another is the GLOF Risk Reduction Project in the Himalayas, or GRRP, a7.7 million project being funded by the Global Environment Facility, United Nations
Development Program, and the government of Bhutan. Another is the GLOF Risk Reduction Project in the Himalayas, or GRRP, a
730,000 program funded by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). These projects offer great potential for improving
infrastructural, institutional, and community resilience within Bhutan, but must also overcome a series of pernicious social,
political, and economic challenges if they are to succeed. 相似文献